anterolateral abdominal wall

what are the 4 quadrants

right and left upper and lower

what divides the 4 quadrants

median plane and the trans-umbilical plane (IV disc between L3-4)

what are the 9 regions

right and left hypochondrium, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left inguinal, suprapubic

what is the order of abdominal wall layers (external → internal)

skin and superficial fascia, muscle layers and deep fascia, extra-peritoneal fascia, parietal peritoneum

how does the fascia below the umbilicus change

divides into camper’s-superficial and Scarpa’s-deep fascia

how does camper’s fascia act in the pelvic region

males= becomes the dartos fascia of the scrotum

females= contributes to the labia majora

what is camper’s fascia

a fatty layer of varying thickness which is continuous over the inguinal ligament and into fascia of the thigh and perineum

what is Scarpa’s fascia

thin, membranous fascia with little fat which attaches to the pubic symphysis and linea alba in the midline

how is the fascia lata formed

when the Scarpa’s fascia fuses with the fascia of the thigh (below the inguinal ligament

how does the Scarpa’s fascia actin males

becomes the fascia of the penis, dartos fascia of the scrotum and the fundiform ligament of the penis

how does Scarpa’s fascia act in females

contributes to the labia majora

where do the external oblique muscles run

infero-medial from ribs 5-12 to the iliac crest and linea alba

what is formed by the external oblique aponeurosis

left and right meet to form the linea alba and the anterior wall of the rectus sheath, hiding rectus abdominis from view. folds over when it reaches the pelvic bones to form the anterior wall and floor of the inguinal canal

how is the inguinal ligament formed

by the thickening of the floor of the inguinal canal

where does the inguinal ligament run

between the ASIS and pubic tubercle

where does the internal oblique muscle fibres run between

supero-medially from the thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament and iliac crest to ribs 9-12

how do the transversus abdominis muscle fibres run

across the abdomen in a transvers orientation

what does the transversus abdominis aponeurosis contribute to

posterior wall of the rectus sheath

where does the fibres of the rectus abdominis run

from the pubic tubercle, crest and symphysis to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

where does the fibres of the pyramidalis muscles run

from the pubis to the linea alba

what is the anterior wall of the rectus sheath made up of above the umbilicus

aponeuroses of external and internal obliques

what is the posterior wall of the rectus sheath composed of above the umbilicus

aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

what is the anterior rectus sheath composed of below the umbilicus

aponeurosis of the external, internal and transversus abdominis

what is the posterior wall of the rectus sheath composed of below the umbilicus

transversalis fascia

what is the arcuate line

the transition point from strong aponeurosis to delicate transversalis fascia

what is the renal fat pad

thick layer of extraperitoneal fascia on the posterior wall which protects the kidneys

what are structures in the extraperitoneal fascia described as

retroperitoneal

what is the pleura of the abdominal cavity called

peritoneum

how many folds does the internal surface of the abdominal wall have

3

what are the folds of the internal surface of the abdominal wall

median, medial and lateral

what does the lateral fold contain

the inferior epigastric artery and vein, which lie inferior to the rectus abdominis

what type of folds are the medial and median

connective tissue folds

where do the superficial veins drain

towards the axilla or femoral vein

where do the superficial arteries arise from

femoral artery or internal thoracic artery

where do the superficial nerves arise from

anterior and lateral branches of the intercostal nerves

where doe the iliohypogastric nerve arise from and what does it supply

L1, supplies the abdominal wall and also the wall in the inguinal region

what is the upper part of rectus abdominis supplied by

superior epigastric artery

where does the superior epigastric artery arise from

terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery

what is the lower part of the rectus abdominis supplied by

inferior epigastric artery

where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from

branch of the external iliac artery

what vertebral root does the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves arise from

L1 in the lumbar plexus

where does the superficial lymphatic drainage of the abdominal wall go

above the umbilicus it goes to nodes of the axilla. below the umbilicus it goes to nodes of the inguinal region

where does the deep lymphatic drainage of the abdominal wall go

upper region goes to parasternal nodes, middle region goes to lumbar nodes and lower region goes to external iliac nodes

what do the parasternal nodes lie near

internal thoracic artery

what do the lumbar nodes lie near

either side of the abdominal aorta

what do the external iliac nodes lie near

external iliac artery