Memory Test - Mod 20 (memory) Mod 21 (forgetting)

Memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Encoding

getting information into the memory system, for example by extracting meaning

storage

holding onto/retaining encoded encoded info over time

retrieval

process of getting information out of memory storage

Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model

the classic model in which information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory and to long-term memory.

Sensory memory

immediate recording of sensory information in the memory system for a brief period.

Short-term memory

activated memory that briefly holds a few items, such as a phone number, before it is stored or forgotten

Long term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, including knowledge, skills, and experience.

Working Memory

a form of short-term memory that emphasises active processing and manipulates information, allowing for reasoning and decision-making.

Automatic Processing

Encoding; unconscious encoding of information, such as space, time, and frequency, with little effort

Effortful processing

encoding of information that requires attention and conscious effort; often produces durable and accessible memories.

Rehearsal

conscious repetition of information to enhance memory retention. The amount remembered depends on TIME spent learning

Spacing effect

Spreading study or practice out over time produces better long-term retention

Serial position effect

tendency to recall 1st and last items in a list best

primacy effect

after a delay, recalling the frist items in a list best

recency effect

immediately after seeing a list, recalling the last items best

overlearning

continuing to rehearse material after you have already mastered it, which increase retention

testing effect

Repetitively quizzing yourself on studied material imporves learning rather than just measuring it

Imagery

visual encoding; mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especually paired with meaning

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically

Mnemonics

memory aids, especially those using vivid imagery and organizational devices. For example acronyms, acrostics, and the peg-word system

hierarchies

organizing information into levels of importance or broad categories. This method aids in memory retention and retrieval.

iconic memory

part of sensory memory; momentary visual sensory memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

part of sensory memory that has a momentary auditory sensory memory; sounds and words can be recalled for about 3 or 4 seconds

magical number seven

George Miller’s term for short-term memory capacity is roughly seven items, giving or taking two items that can be retained in working memory.

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory

Flashbulb memory

clear, vivid, memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

amnesia

loss of memory

Implicit memory

nondeclarative memory; retrieved without the need for conscious recall; memory that influences thoughts and behaviors without awareness

Explicit Memory

declarative memory; memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and delcare

Hippocampus

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process EXPLICIT memories for storage

cerebellum

the brain region at the rear of the brainstem; helps form and store IMPLICIT memories created by classical conditioning

Recall

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, (fill in blank test)

recognition

measure of memory in which you need only identify items previously learned (MCQ)

relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material the second time

priming

the activation, often unconscious, of particular associations in memory

retrieval cues

bits of associated info that serve as anchor points for acessesing a target memory

context effects

putting yourself back in the setting where you originally learned something, which primes retrieval

mood-congruent memory

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood

state-dependent memory

tendency to recall information better when you are in the same physical or emotional state as when you learned it

Encoding failure

forgetting that occurs because information never got processed into long-term memory. without effort, many memories never form

Storage decay

forgetting caused by the gradual fading of the physical memory trace over time

retrieval failure

forgetting in which info is stored but cannot be accessed as forgetting, like tip-of-the-tounge moments

Proactive interference

something you learned earlier that disrupts your recall of new information

Retroactive interference

new information making it harder to recall something you learned earlier

positive transfer

when previously learned information makes learning new, related info easier, like Spanish helping with italian

Repression

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory is the basis of defense mechanism that banishes anxiety, arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious

motivated forgetting

unknowingly revising our own histories so memories fit our self-concept and reduce anxiety

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event; hindsight bias plays a role

Source amnesia

attributing a memory to the wrong source, whether something experienced, heard, read, or imagined; also called misatribution. retain memory of an event but not the context in which was acquired

SQ3R

a study method that incorporates five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, and Review, designed to improve comprehension and retention of material.