blood bank 1

pertaining to a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

autosomal

gene mutation is present on a sex chromosome

sex linked

one variant of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant

dominant

relating to two alleles of a gene that are both fully expressed

codominant

an allele that does not produce a characteristic effect when present with a dominant allele

recessive

sequence of DNA that is inherited

genotype

expression of the genotype

phenotype

at each locus there may be only one or several different forms of the gene

allele

presence of two identical alleles

homozygous

inheritance of different alleles

heterozygous

effect of a significant difference in antibody reaction depending on the quantity of the target antigen present on a target RBC

dosage

most blood group genes are inherited in an _______ manner

autosomal dominant or codominant

the segregation of the parents gene copies during the formation of reproductive cells occurs during

meiosis

when genes for separate traits are closely linked on a chromosome, they can be inherited together as a single unit

linkage

example of linkage

MNSs

a square diagram used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding event

punnett square

inheritance on the same chromosome

cis

inheritance on the opposite chromosome

trans

inheriting antigens from each parent as a unit due to linkage

haplotype

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

locus

one chromosome has a copy of the gene and the other chromosome has that gene deleted or absent

hemizygous

males are

square

females are

circle

vertical line

offspring

double line

consanguineous mating

stillbirth or abortion

small black circle

most interesting or important member of pedigree indicated by an arrow

prospositus

prevalence at the genetic level, occurrence of an allele in a population

frequency

occurrence of a permanent inherited characteristic at the phenotype level in any given population

prevalence

the rate of occurrence in a population of a condition that changes over time

incidence

can estimate allele frequencies based on observations of phenotypes in a large number of individuals in a sample population

hardy wienberg

hardy weinberg equation

$$\left(p+q\right)^2=p^2+2pq+q^2=1$$

p²

AA

2pq

Aa

q²

aa

(p+q)(p+q)=

1

antigen frequencies vary with

race

gene and phenotype frequencies are based on

probability

A patient has an anti-E and anti-K.  How many units of ABO compatible RBCs must be tested to find three compatible units?

Approx 30% of population E positive

•(70% E negative)

•Approx 10% of population K positive

•(90% K negative)

63% or 3/5

antigenic determinants or molecular sites that stimulate immunte response

epitopes

capable of eliciting immune response

immunogen

antibodies against foreign antigens

allo

antibodies against own cells

auto

antigen antibody ratio

zone of equilibrium

predominant antibody produced after first exposure

IgM

predominant antibody produced after second exposure

IgG

we make antibodies for antigens we possess true or false

false

newborn baby’s type is determined by

mother

we obtain antibodies from antigens in

environment

antibody that results from exposure to foreign red cell antigen by transfusion or pregnancy

rbc immune antibody

antibody present without evidence of exposure to foreign antigens

naturally occurring antibody

antibody that decreases the red cell survival, can destroy rbcs in vivo

clinically significant antibody

• genes code for the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C antigens

• Found on most nucleated cells in the body

class 1 MHC

ABO MHC

class 1

• Genes code for HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DC antigens

• Found on most antigen-presenting cells

class 2 MHC

transplant mhc class

class 2

time where antibody cannot be detected with serologic testing

lag phase

time to make antibodies after first exposure

days weeks months

time to make antibodies after 2nd exposure

hours days

1/3 rule

1/3 will make antibodies after first exposure, 1/3 will take 2-3 exposures, 1/3 will never make antibodies

make antibodies after first exposure

high responders

IgM fixes complement

often

IgM direct agglutinin

yes

IgG placental transfer

yes

IgG biologic half life

22 days

IgG heavy chain composition

gamma

IgG molecular weight

50000

IgG valency

2

IgM molecular weight

900000

IgM heavy chain composition

Mu

IgM valency

IgG warm or cold reacting

warm @ 37

IgG complement activators

poor to good

IgG is usually clinically

significant

IgM is warm or cold reacting

cold at 10 or 22C

IgM is usually clinically

unsignificant except ABO

IgM complement activators

good

immunoglobulins with most significance

IgG IgM IgA

immunoglobulins are clinically significant if they react at

body temp

Are IgG blood group antibodies of a single specificity in one specific subclass

no, all may be present or one may predominate

Rh system antibodies

IgG1 and 3

AntiK and AntiFy antibodies

IgG1

AntiJk antibodies

IgG3

Jk

Kidd

antibodies for complement fixation (classic)

Ig1 and 3

IgG subclasses that can cross placenta

all

subclasses with half life of 21 days

Ig1 2 4

biological half life of 4-7

IgG3

does IgG4 activate compliment

no

IgG1 and 3 bind strongly to

Fc receptors

if IgA deficient patients are transfused with IgA

severe anaphylaxis

IgA can increase the effect of

IgG induced RBC hemolysis

immunoglobulin important in allergic reactions

IgE

important immunoglobulins

MGAE

complex group of over 20 circulating and cell membrane protrims that have a multitude of functions within the immune response

complement system

lysis of cells, bacteria, and enveloped viruses as well as assisting with opsonization to facilitate phagocytosis

complement

complement pathways

classical, alternative, and lectin

pathway activated with binding of an antigen with an IgM IgG1 or IgG3 antibody

classical

____ molecules of IgG need to be bound to a single target to activate complement

many

do IgG Rh antibodies bind complement

usually not bc low Rh antigens on rbc surfaces