RAD 130 midterm review

complexity

The periodic table placed elements based on

what kind of particles are released by radon

Alpha particle. Most prevalent form of natural radiation

1

The smallest / simplest atom has an atomic number of

valence (outermost) shell can only have 8 electrons

What is the octet rule?

8

How many groups are in the periodic table?

# electrons in the outermost (valence) shell

In the periodic table, groups indicate the number of what?

top/columns

In the periodic table, groups are labeled how? (top/columns, or left/rows)

left/rows

In the periodic table, periods are labeled how? (top/columns, or left/rows)

# of electron shells

In the periodic table, what does the period number indicate?

2

How many electron shells will oxygen have?

6

How many electrons will oxygen have in the valence shell?

2

How many electrons will oxygen have in the K shell?

L

Which shell will be the outermost shell for oxygen?

6

How many shells will Lead have?

4

How many valence electrons will lead have?

electrons are not added to the next outermost shell, they are added to an inner shell

How is the 4th period different?

2n^2

How are the max number of electrons in any shell calculated?

the shell number

in 2n^2, what is the n?

3

Shell M is which number?

2n^2

M=3

2(3)^2

2(9)

=18

In an atom with 7 shells, how many electrons can the M shell hold?

strength of attachment of electron to nucleus

What is electron binding energy?

higher

Do electrons closer to the nucleus have higher or lower binding energy?

K

Which shell has the highest binding energy?

more

Higher total number of electrons are more or less tightly bound?

more

Does it take more or less energy to ionize a large atom?

center seeking force

keeps electrons in orbit, attracting electron to nucleus

What is centripetal force?

flying out form the center

allows electrons to maintain their distance from the nucleus

What is centrifugal force?

excess energy is released

After ionization, when electron moves from outer shell to inner, what happens?

the difference in energy levels of the two shells

When an electron moves to an inner shell and excess energy is released, what determines the amount of energy released?

Characteristic xray photons

When excess energy is released from electrons moving to an inner shell from an outer shell, what does this create?

K shell

Which shell has the highest binding energy?

outermost

Which shell has the lowest binding energy?

protons

The number of ___ in an atom determines what element it is

atomic mass number

What is the A#

number of protons

What is the Z#

same

what does iso mean?

atoms with the same number of protons (Z#) but different number of neutrons and different atomic mass A#

What is an isotoPe?

protons stay the same

Why would an isotope element not change if the atomic mass (a#) changes?

atoms with the same number of atomic mass (a#), but different number of protons (z#) and neutrons

What is an isobAr?

the number of protons changed and neutrons changed.

Why does an isobar element change if the atomic mass doesn't change?

atoms with the same number of neutrons , but different number of protons (a#) and different z#

What is an isotoNe?

isotope

different a#

same z#

same number of Protons

different number of neutrons

=

isobar

same A#

different z#

different number of protons

different number of neutrons

isotone

Different a#

Different z#

Different number of protons

Same number of Neutrons

3 (superscript)

Which is the A# (atomic mass)?

1 (subscript)

Which is the atomic number?

isotope (number of protons stays the same)

Is this an isotope, isobar, or isotone?

isobAr (atomic mass stays the same)

Is this an isotope, isobar, or isotone?

isotone (atomic mass changes, number of protons changes, Neutrons stay the same)

Is this an isotope, isobar, or isotone?

atoms with the same atomic number (z#), same atomic mass (a#), but different Energy states

What is an isomEr?

nucleon arrangement

Identical atoms exist at different energy states due to differences in

substance consisting of atoms which all have the same number of protons and same chemical properties

What is an element?

2 or more atoms of elements combined

What is a molecule?

smallest part of an element that has the properties of that element

What is an atom?

2 atoms share the outer shell electron

What is a covalent bond?

one atom gives up it's electron to another

What is an ionic bond?

one atom is negative and one is positive,

they are electrically attracted to each other

What happens to the charge of ionically bonded atoms?

isotoPe (protons stayed the same)

Is this an isotope, isobar, or isotone?

IsotoNe (neutrons the same)

Is this an isotope, isobar, or isotone?

IsobAr (atomic mass the same)

Is this an isotope, isobar, or isotone?

energy or matter

All things in the universe exist as one of what two things?

anything that occupies space and has mass

What is matter?

how much matter there is

What is mass?

Kg

What is the basic unit (SI) for mass?

ability to do work

What is energy?

joules and electron volts

What units are used for energy?

Electromagnetic, thermal, kinetic, potential, nuclear, electrical

What are the types of energy?

photons

xrays travel in bundles of energy called

radiation

Energy emitted through space is referred to as

exposed or irradiated

When an object is exposed by radiation, we call that

ionizing radiation is high enough to knock an electron out of it's orbit

What is the difference between radiation and ionizing radiation?

the ability to ionize

What makes one form of electromagnetic energy harmful vs another form?

an electron has been knocked out of it's orbit

When an atom has become ionized, what happens?

ion pair

When an electron has been knocked out of orbit (ionized), the atom and ionized electron are referred to as what?

natural/environmental and manmade

What are the 2 main sources of ionizing radiation?

-cosmic

-terrestrial

-internal deposited radionuclides

-radon

What are the 4 natural sources of ionizing radiation?

diagnostic - xray

Which type of man-made radiation is considered to be the largest source?

energy of position; stored energy

What is potential energy?

energy of motion

What is kinetic energy?

energy from electron moving through a potential difference (voltage)

What is electrical energy?

energy of motion of molecules

What is thermal energy?

energy contain in the nucleus

What is nuclear energy?

energy from electromagnetic spectrum, travel in waves known as photons

What is electromagnetic energy?

electromagnetic

What energy type is an xray?

energy

radiation is the transfer of

negative ion

When an electron is ionized and knocked out of orbit, it becomes a

positive ion

When an atom is ionized and loses an electron, it becomes a

radon

What is the largest source or terrestrial radiation?

radioactive gas produced by radioactive decay of uranium in the earth

What is radon?

Diagnostic Xray

nuclear power

research applications

industrial sources

What are the 4 types of manmade radiation?

electromagnetic

Xrays are a form of ____ radiation

neutral

Xrays are electrically negative, neutral, or positive?

False

True/False: Xrays are affected by electric or magnetic fields.

energies and wavelengths.

Xrays can be produced over a wide variety of ____ and ____.

very small

Xrays release small or large amount of heat upon passing through matter?

straight

Xrays travel in ____ lines

3x10^8 m/s

Xrays travel at the speed of light, which is _____, in a vacuum.

False, it is always the same speed.

True/False: increased energy will increase the speed in which an xray travels.

ionize

Xrays can _____ matter

fluorescence

Xrays can cause ____ of certain crystals.