Comprehensive Biology and Chemistry Study Guide: Cells, Classification, Physiology, and Matter
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75 Terms
What are the 3 parts of cell theory?
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What is cell theory?
A scientific theory describing the basic properties of all living things.
Who first observed cells?
Robert Hooke.
What did Robert Hooke observe?
Cork.
Who first observed living microorganisms?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
Who discovered that all plants are made of cells?
Matthias Schleiden.
Who discovered that all animals are made of cells?
Theodor Schwann.
Why was the development of microscopes important?
It allowed scientists to study cells.
What does MRS GREN stand for?
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
What is movement?
The ability to move all or part of an organism.
What is respiration?
Releasing energy from food.
What is sensitivity?
Detecting and responding to changes.
What is growth?
Increasing in size.
What is reproduction?
Producing offspring.
What is excretion?
Removing waste.
What is nutrition?
Taking in and using nutrients.
What structures are found in both plant and animal cells?
Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes.
What structures are only found in plant cells?
Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole.
Why do plant cells have chloroplasts?
To carry out photosynthesis.
Why do plant cells have a cell wall?
To provide support and protection.
Why do plant cells have a large vacuole?
To store water and maintain turgor pressure.
What is turgor pressure?
Pressure created when water in the vacuole pushes against the cell wall, helping the plant stay upright.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls cell activities and contains DNA.
What is DNA?
Genetic information that contains instructions for the cell.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
What is selectively permeable?
Allows some substances to pass through but not others.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Site of chemical reactions.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Releases energy from glucose through cellular respiration.
What does ATP do? (adenosine triphosphate)
Stores and transfers energy.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Carry out photosynthesis.
What is chlorophyll?
Green pigment that absorbs sunlight.
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides support, strength and protection.
What is the function of the vacuole?
Stores water and other substances.
What is the function of ribosomes?
Make proteins.
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Transports materials around the cell.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies, packages and transports proteins.
What is the function of lysosomes?
Break down waste and old cell parts using enzymes.
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
What is a specialised cell?
A cell adapted to perform a specific function.
Root Hair Cell
Function?
Absorb water and minerals.
Root Hair Cell
Adaptation?
Large surface area.
Red Blood Cell
Function?
Carry oxygen.
Red Blood Cell
Adaptations?
Biconcave shape and no nucleus.
Nerve Cell
Function?
Carry electrical impulses
Nerve Cell
Adaptation?
Long structure.
Sperm Cell
Function?
Deliver genetic material to an egg.
Sperm Cell
Adaptation?
Tail for swimming.
Egg Cell
Function?
Supports growth of new organism.
Egg Cell
Adaptation?
Large food store.
Ciliated Cell
Function?
Prevent dust and bacteria entering lungs.
Ciliated Cell
Adaptation?
Tiny hairs called cilia.
Palisade Cell
Function?
Photosynthesis.
Palisade Cell
Adaptation?
Contains many chloroplasts.
Word equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts.
What is needed for photosynthesis?
Sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
What products are produced?
Glucose and oxygen.
Why is glucose important?
It is the food source for the plant.
Why do plants still need mitochondria?
Mitochondria convert glucose into usable energy (ATP).
What is a stoma?
A tiny opening in a leaf.
What are stomata for?
Gas exchange.
What is gas exchange?
The movement of gases into and out of a leaf.
What gas enters the leaf?
Carbon dioxide.
What gas leaves the leaf?
Oxygen.
What are guard cells?
Cells that open and close the stomata.
What happens when guard cells fill with water?
The stomata open.
What happens when guard cells lose water?
The stomata close.
Why do stomata close?
To reduce water loss.
What is transpiration?
Loss of water vapour through stomata.
Where are more stomata found?
On the bottom of leaves since they’re cooler, preventing extra evaporation.
Where are stomata found on aquatic plants?
Since the bottom of an aquatic plant is underwater, most stomata is placed on the top to let it do gas exchange.
Specialised Cell
A cell with unique features designed to do one specific job (e.g. root hair, red blood cell).
Tissue
A group of similar specialised cells working together to perform a specific function (e.g. muscle tissue).
Organ
Structure made of two or more different types of tissues cooperating to perform a complex job (e.g. the root, the heart).
Organ System
A collection of different organs working together to keep the organism alive (e.g. root system, cardiovascular system).