Hematology Ch 10 Leukocyte Development, Kinetics, and Functions

Three cell types belonging to the granulocyte family

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Process of myeloid cell production and development in the bone marrow

Myelopoiesis

Sequential stages of neutrophil maturation in order

Myeloblast → Promyelocyte → Myelocyte → Metamyelocyte → Band → Segmented neutrophil

Earliest morphologically recognizable granulocytic precursor

Myeloblast

Granulocytic maturation stage containing abundant primary (azurophilic) granules

Promyelocyte

Final granulocyte stage capable of undergoing cell division

Myelocyte

Granulocyte maturation stage characterized by a kidney-shaped nucleus

Metamyelocyte

First neutrophil precursor normally present in peripheral blood

Band neutrophil

Neutrophil maturation stage characterized by a segmented nucleus with 2 to 5 lobes

Segmented neutrophil

Primary nuclear chromatin change that occurs as neutrophils mature

Chromatin condenses and becomes progressively coarser

Branch of the immune system to which neutrophils primarily belong

Innate immune system

Primary physiological function of neutrophils

Nonspecific phagocytosis and bacterial killing

Cytokine that most directly stimulates neutrophil release from the bone marrow

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Three primary cytokines that regulate neutrophil production

IL-3, GM-CSF, and G-CSF

Chemotaxis

The directional migration of cells toward chemical attractants

Diapedesis

The movement of blood cells through intact vessel walls into surrounding tissues

Opsonization

The process of coating microorganisms to enhance phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

The cellular ingestion and enzymatic destruction of microorganisms and debris

Granulocyte elevated in parasitic infections and allergic responses

Eosinophil

Granulocyte characterized by bright orange-red granules and a bilobed nucleus

Eosinophil

Normal adult reference percentage for eosinophils in peripheral blood

$$0\% \text{ to } 5\%$$

Granulocyte primarily responsible for releasing histamine

Basophil

Normal adult reference percentage for basophils in peripheral blood

$$0\% \text{ to } 1\%$$

Name for a tissue-localized basophil counterpart

Mast cell

Immunoglobulin class for which basophils and mast cells possess surface receptors

IgE

Monopoiesis

The production and development of monocytes and macrophages

Cell type that a circulating monocyte becomes upon entering tissue

Macrophage

Normal adult reference percentage for monocytes in peripheral blood

$$2\% \text{ to } 9\%$$

Immune cell functioning as a long-term tissue phagocyte

Macrophage

Specialized tissue macrophage of the liver derived from monocytes

Kupffer cell

Specialized tissue macrophage of the central nervous system derived from monocytes

Microglial cell

Three major functional groups of lymphocytes

T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells

Branch of immunity primarily mediated by T lymphocytes

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

Primary immune function provided by B lymphocytes

Antibody production (humoral immunity)

Primary biological role of Natural Killer (NK) cells

Killing virus-infected and tumor cells without prior sensitization

Final differentiated stage of B-cell maturation

Plasma cell

Primary physiological function of plasma cells

Antibody synthesis and secretion

Common clinical synonym for a reactive lymphocyte

Atypical lymphocyte

Alternative names used to describe reactive lymphocytes

Variant lymphocyte, transformed lymphocyte, and Downey cell

Most common etiology leading to reactive lymphocytes in peripheral blood

Viral infections

Underlying cellular cause of reactive lymphocyte formation

Antigenic stimulation

Hematologic term for an increase in circulating band neutrophils

Left shift

Hematologic finding in bacterial pneumonia with neutrophilia and elevated bands

Left shift