chapter 8

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23 Terms

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Transformation
The process of transferring genetic information between cells by DNA molecules.
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Transforming factor
The molecular agent of transformation; DNA.
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Covalent bonds
Chemical bonds that result from electron sharing between atoms, formed and broken during chemical reactions.
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Hydrogen bond
A weak chemical bonding force between hydrogen and another atom.
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A molecule consisting of antiparallel strands of polynucleotides that is the primary carrier of genetic information.
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A nucleic acid molecule that contains the pyrimidine uracil and the sugar ribose, functioning in gene expression.
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Nucleotide
The basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a base, a phosphate, and a sugar.
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Nitrogen-containing base
A purine or pyrimidine that is a component of nucleotides.
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Purine
A class of double-ringed organic bases found in nucleic acids.
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Pyrimidine
A class of single-ringed organic bases found in nucleic acids.
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Adenine and guanine
Nitrogen-containing purine bases found in nucleic acids.
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Thymine, uracil, and cytosine
Nitrogen-containing pyrimidine bases found in nucleic acids.
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Sugar
In nucleic acids, either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA); ribose has an OH group that deoxyribose lacks.
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Phosphate group
A compound containing phosphorus chemically bonded to four oxygen molecules.
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Ribose and deoxyribose
Pentose sugars found in nucleic acids; deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA.
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Semiconservative replication
A model of DNA replication providing each daughter molecule with one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
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DNA polymerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA using a template strand and nucleotides.
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Chromatin
The DNA and protein components of chromosomes, visible as clumps or threads in nuclei.
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Histones
DNA-binding proteins that help compact and fold DNA into chromosomes.
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Nucleosome
A bead-like structure composed of histones wrapped with DNA.
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Centromere
A region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during cell division; gives a chromosome its characteristic shape.
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Telomere
Short repeated DNA sequences located at each end of chromosomes.
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Telomerase
An enzyme that adds telomere repeats to the ends of chromosomes, maintaining their length after cell division.