Geography sem 2 exam revision

what is domestic tourism

tourism within a tourist's own country

e.g someone from Melbourne visits Cairns

what is International Tourism

tourism outside a tourist's own country

e.g. australian traveling to japan

characteristics of domestic tourism

- no passport needed

- usually cheaper

- same language

- some currency

- easier travel

characteristics of international tourism

- passport required

- different currency

- longer travel

- different cultures.

What are cultural factors affecting tourism?

- Historical buildings and heritage sites.

- Traditional food, music, art and festivals.

- Indigenous culture and cultural experiences.

- Religious attractions and landmarks.

- Cultural traditions can attract visitors.

- Tourism can help preserve or threaten cultural heritage.

What are political factors affecting tourism?

- Government policies and tourism regulations.

- Visa requirements and travel restrictions.

- Political stability and safety.

- Government investment in transport and tourism facilities.

- International relationships and conflicts.

- Natural disaster and emergency management policies.

What are environmental factors affecting tourism?

- Climate and weather conditions.

- Natural attractions such as reefs, beaches and rainforests.

- Natural disasters such as cyclones and flooding.

- Environmental degradation and pollution.

- Climate change and rising sea levels.

- Conservation policies can influence tourism activities.

What are social factors affecting tourism?

- Population growth and changing lifestyles.

- Increased leisure time and disposable income.

- Safety and security of destinations.

- Accessibility and quality of services.

- Popularity of destinations through social media.

- Community attitudes towards tourists.

What are economic factors affecting tourism?

- Employment opportunities and income levels.

- Cost of flights, accommodation and activities.

- Exchange rates affecting international visitors.

- Investment in tourism infrastructure.

- Economic growth can increase people's ability to travel.

- Economic downturns can reduce tourism spending.

What are economic impacts of tourism?

- Creates employment in hospitality, transport and tourism.

- Increases income for local businesses.

- Encourages investment in infrastructure.

- Increases government revenue through taxes.

- Can increase prices and cost of living.

- Tourism leakage can reduce local economic benefits.

What are social impacts of tourism?

- Improves facilities and infrastructure for residents.

- Creates opportunities for cultural exchange.

- Increases employment opportunities.

- Can cause overcrowding and congestion.

- Can increase housing costs.

- May reduce residents' quality of life.

What are cultural impacts of tourism?

- Encourages preservation of historic buildings and traditions.

- Increases awareness of local cultures.

- Creates opportunities to share cultural practices.

- Can lead to commodification of culture.

- Traditional practices may change to meet tourist expectations.

- Cultural identity may be weakened.

What is commodification?

the process by which a cultural or historical place becomes something that can be bought or sold

What is the difference between spatial and temporal scales?

Spatial scale = the geographical area affected by tourism.

- Local: one town or attraction.

- Regional: an entire region.

- National: an entire country.

- Global: impacts across multiple countries.

Temporal scale = how impacts change over time.

- Short-term: temporary impacts.

- Long-term: impacts that continue over many years.

what is a visa?

a travel document that grants the holder offical permission to enter, leave or stay in a country for a specified time period.

What is sustainable tourism?

means meeting the needs of tourists and the tourism industry without damaging the environment, economy or society for future generations

what's the multiplier effect?

additional spending by individuals employed in tourism and those who earn indirect incomes from tourism.

what is tourism leakage?

is revenue paid to other countries for imported goods and services to operate tourism. this can create ethical issues.

what is ecotourism?

Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the wellbeing of local people and involves interpretation and education.

How does ecotourism benefit TNQ?

- Encourages protection of the Great Barrier Reef and Wet Tropics.

- Creates employment for local communities.

- Generates income for conservation projects.

- Educates tourists about fragile ecosystems.

- Supports sustainable tourism businesses.

What are the challenges of ecotourism?

- Can still cause environmental damage if poorly managed.

- Tourist numbers can put pressure on fragile ecosystems.

- Sustainable practices can be expensive.

- Some businesses may falsely advertise themselves as environmentally friendly (greenwashing).

- Requires ongoing monitoring and management.

What are the characteristics of ecotourism?

- Minimises pollution and environmental damage.

- Protects biodiversity and natural habitats.

- Supports local employment and businesses.

- Educates visitors about the environment.

- Encourages sustainable tourism practices.

what is enclave tourism?

tourists are encouraged to stay in all-inclusive resorts where accommodation, food, recreational facilities, shopping and entertainment are all provided. e.g. MSC cruise

What are the geographic characteristics of Tropical North Queensland (TNQ)?

- Located in north-eastern Australia, in Queensland.

- Tropical climate with wet and dry seasons.

- Contains 3 major world heritage sites the Great Barrier Reef, Wet Tropics rainforest and Riversleigh

- Features beaches, coral reefs, rainforests and tropical landscapes.

- population: 300,000

What are the economic impacts of tourism in TNQ?

- Creates jobs in reef tours, accommodation and hospitality.

- Generates income for local businesses.

- Attracts domestic and international investment.

- Supports regional economic growth.

- Tourism downturns can cause job and income losses.

- Environmental damage can threaten long-term tourism income.

What are the social and cultural impacts of tourism in TNQ?

- Provides opportunities to share Indigenous culture.

- Increases awareness of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage.

- Creates employment for local communities.

- Overcrowding can affect residents and popular attractions.

- Indigenous culture can become commodified.

- Tourism can place pressure on traditional lands and cultural sites.

What are the environmental impacts of tourism in TNQ?

- Reef damage from boats, anchors and irresponsible tourist behaviour.

- Pollution from boats and coastal development.

- Increased pressure on rainforest ecosystems.

- Wildlife disturbance.

- Tourism can also fund conservation and environmental education.

What are the geographic characteristics of Italy?

- Located in southern Europe.

- A Mediterranean country surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea.

- Has a Mediterranean climate in many coastal regions.

- Features mountains, coastlines, historic cities and cultural landmarks.

- Major attractions include Rome, Venice and Florence.

- contains 6 of the worlds 10 most visited countries

- 790-810 MILLION in 2025

What are the geographic characteristics of Rome?

- Capital city of Italy.

- Located in central-western Italy, along the Tiber River.

- Mediterranean climate with hot summers and mild winters.

- Famous for ancient Roman history and architecture.

- Major attractions include the Colosseum, Vatican City and Trevi Fountain.

- Attracts large numbers of international tourists.

What are the social and cultural impacts of tourism in Rome?

- Encourages restoration of historic buildings.

- Promotes Italian history and culture internationally.

- Creates employment and cultural exchange.

- Overcrowding can reduce residents' quality of life.

- Historic sites may become overcrowded.

- Commodification can reduce the authenticity of cultural experiences.

What are the economic impacts of tourism in Italy and Rome?

- Generates income through accommodation, restaurants and attractions.

- Creates employment in hospitality and tourism.

- Supports local businesses and international investment.

- Increases government revenue.

- Tourism dependence can make the economy vulnerable to downturns.

- Rising demand can increase prices.

What are the geographic characteristics of Venice?

- Located in north-eastern Italy.

- Built across a group of islands in a lagoon.

- 126 islands separated by canals and open water.

- linked by 472 bridges rather than traditional roads.

- Famous for its historic architecture and waterways.

- Experiences flooding, particularly during high tides.

What are the impacts of tourism in Venice?

- Economic: creates jobs and generates income for businesses.

- Social: overcrowding places pressure on residents and infrastructure.

- Cultural: tourism can commercialise traditional Venetian culture.

- Environmental: boat traffic and pollution can affect the lagoon.

- Large visitor numbers can contribute to housing pressures.

Tourism can threaten the long-term liveability of Venice.

What are the geographic characteristics of the Twelve Apostles?

- Located along the Great Ocean Road in Victoria, Australia.

- Part of Port Campbell National Park.

- Famous for limestone rock formations along the coastline.

- Formed through erosion caused by waves, wind and weathering.

- Important natural tourism attraction.

- Attracts domestic and international visitors.

What are the impacts of tourism at the Twelve Apostles?

- Economic: generates income for local businesses and creates jobs.

- Social: increases visitor numbers and pressure on local infrastructure.

- Cultural: increases awareness of the region's natural and Indigenous heritage.

- Environmental: coastal erosion, litter and pressure on natural habitats.

- Tourism revenue can support conservation and management.

What are the main challenges caused by tourism?

- Overcrowding at popular destinations.

- Environmental degradation and pollution.

- Increased cost of living and housing.

- Traffic congestion.

- Damage to cultural and historical sites.

- Tourism leakage and unequal distribution of income.

- Conflict between residents and tourists.

What are management strategies?

- Strategies implemented by governments and organisations to reduce negative tourism impacts.

- Aim to protect environments, communities and cultural heritage.

- Encourage sustainable tourism.

- Help ensure tourism can continue in the future.

What management strategies can reduce environmental impacts?

- Visitor limits and booking systems.

- Protected areas and conservation zones.

- Education programs for tourists.

- Restrictions on damaging activities.

- Waste management and recycling programs.

- Sustainable transport options.

What management strategies can reduce social and cultural impacts?

- Limit tourist numbers in overcrowded areas.

- Protect cultural heritage sites.

- Encourage respectful behaviour towards local communities.

- Support local businesses and employment.

- Regulate short-term accommodation.

- Involve local communities in tourism planning.

What management strategies can reduce economic impacts?

- Encourage tourists to spend money at locally owned businesses.

- Promote local employment.

- Reduce tourism leakage.

- Diversify the local economy.

- Encourage tourism throughout the year to reduce seasonal dependence.