Exam 2 Review

Study material from D2L Unit 2 Review & Quizzes 4-6. Topics are Evolution, Taxonomy & Phylogeny, and Chordates.

All chordates are in which kingdom?

Animalia

Carolus Linnaeus

Father of taxonomy

Microevolution

Change within a species

Macroevolution

New species

Sympatric Speciation

No geographic barrier

Allopatric Speciation

Has a geographic barrier

Agnatha

Jawless vertebrates

Ex: Hagfish & Lamprey

Gnathostomes

Jawed vertebrates

Ex: Placoderm

Typological (Morphological) Species Concept

Based on Morphology where if you look the same you’re the same species

Alfred Russel Wallace

Darwin’s best friend who coined the term evolution

3 Main Types of Selection

Directional Selection

Diversify/Disruptive Selection

Stabilizing Selection

Directional Selection

Organisms fall into one extreme of the spectrum for a trait

Diversify/Disruptive Selection

When the extremes are selected for by favoring two or more traits

Stabilizing Selection

Only the middle extreme is selected for & reduces genetic diversity

3 Subphyla of Chordata

Cephalochordata

Tunicata

Vertebrata

2 main types of evolution

Microevolution

Macroevolution

5 Methods of evolution/ways it happens

Natural Selection

Nonrandom Mating

Mutations

Gene Flow

Genetic Drift

Natural Selection

Closest to the survival of the fittest

Ex: Raven preferring green beetles over brown causing their population to decline over time

Nonrandom Mating

Choosing a mate

Ex: Male Peacocks having large & colorful feathers to attract female peahens

Mutations

Change to DNA in genes

Ex: Cancer

Gene Flow

New individuals with new genes in a population

Ex: Pollen moving from one plant to another

Genetic Drift

Genetics in a population shifting

Morphology

Study of how things look

Phylogeny

Study of common ancestors by mapping how organisms are related to each other

Name the phylogenetic rankings in order.

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Which domain, kingdom, and phylum are we studying?

Domain: Eukarya

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Name Darwin’s 5 observations.

Potential fertility

Population size remains stable

Limited resources

Individual differences

Hereditary

Do humans come from Apes? Explain.

No, but they share a common ancestor called the Bonobos who split making new species over time resulting in humans and apes.

Name Darwin’s 3 inferences/conclusions.

Struggle for existence

Differential survivorship

New adaptations develop over time

5 Requirements for being in the phylum Chordata.

Notochord

Nerve Chord

Pharyngeal Pouch

Postanal Tail

Endostyle (Thyroid)

4 Requirements to be a Vertebrata/Craniate

Have a cranium

Cephalization

Endoskeleton

Different organ systems

Which percentage of vertebrates are fish?

50%

Cambrian Explosion

Explosion 541 million years where most animal phyla evolved

Which organ is also known as the endostyle?

Thyroid

Convergent Evolution

Similar habitats resulting in new organisms with similar structures

Name the two ways animals developed.

Protostomes

Deuterostomes

Protostomes

Mouth first

Ex: Crabs

Deuterostomes

Anus first

Ex: All vertebrates

Name the 3 parts of the phylogenetic tree.

Root

Node

Branch

Root

Base of phylogenetic tree

Node

Split in the tree

Branch

Each area after a node

5 people that helped come up evolution.

Charles Darwin

Alfred Russel Wallace

Lyell

Lamarck

Malthus

Charles Darwin

Father of evolution who sailed the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Islands where he found genetic diversity

Lamarck

Came up Lamarckian Evolution & he studied Giraffes thinking their long necks came from generations stretching them to reach food over time

Lamarckian Evolution

Physical traits are passed from parents to offspring

Lyell

Came up with uniformatarianism

Uniformitarianism

Concept made by Lyell stating that all geological, physical, & chemical properties remain the same over time

Ex: The Grand Canyon

Malthus

Studied the economy where he found that you must have enough resources for a population to survive

The Origin of Species

Book published by Darwin in 1859 stating his observations and inferences that outsold The Holy Bible

3 types of symmetry seen in animals

Asymmetry

Radial Symmetry

Bilateral Symmetry

Asymmetry

No symmetry (Sponges)

Radial Symmetry

On a circular plane like a pizza (Jellyfish)

Bilateral Symmetry

The same when cut in half (Humans)

What is the most common symmetry found in animals?

Bilateral Symmetry

What is the format for giving an organism their scientific name?

Genus & species

Genus: italics & capitalized

Species: italics & lowercase/underlined

3 types of phylogenetic grouping

Monophyletic Group

Paraphyletic Group

Polyphyletic

Monophyletic Group

Includes all individuals from the same node

Paraphyletic Group

Excludes some branches after a node

Polyphyletic Group

Group from multiple nodes

Phylogenetic Groups on a tree