Politcal Arenas Retake

Weber

the state is defined by its legitimate monopoly of violence.

Mann

despotic power is the ability to command; infrastructural power is the ability to put decisions into practice.

Maier

STATE FORMATION TYPES political power is not limited to territorial states; it can also exist through economic networks and communities.

Tilly

the balance between capital, coercion and resistance shapes the state.

Spruyt

successful states need territory, centralised authority and sovereignty.

Prakk

citizenship changed from an exclusive, economically based urban privilege to a broader national status.

Murphy

centralisation can make compromise difficult and political conflict more violent.

Burbank and Cooper

empires survive through expansion, hierarchy, diversity and flexible rule.

Barkey

a strong centre combined with flexible institutions and cooperation with elites makes empires durable.

Wilson

the HRE was a combination of monarchy, federation and hierarchy, not simply a failed state.

Kohli

INFORMAL EMPRE imperial power can operate through indirect influence rather than direct rule.

Hobson

imperialism is driven largely by capitalism and unequal wealth distribution, not by an unavoidable need for industrial expansion.

Osterhammel

nation-states emerge through different historical processes, including revolution, unification, separation and contraction.

Breuilly

(PAN)NATIONALISM nationalism can unite territories, SEPRATIST STATE separate them or NATIONALISING STATE force cultural and linguistic homogenisation.

Brubaker

steps to the creation of a nationalising state

Kumar

the nation-state did not simply replace the empire; they can coexist and interact.

Mazzini

ITALIAN NATIONALIST national liberation is a step towards a wider unity of humanity and Europe.

Gorlizki and Mommsen

Stalin governed through a more organised system, while Hitler's leadership was more personal, dynamic and unpredictable.

Kershaw

unclear instructions from Hitler encouraged competition and radicalisation among Nazi officials.

Arendt

totalitarianism destroys individual independence and social connections to maintain complete political control.

Pierson

PREASURES governments face pressure to reduce welfare, but public resistance limits how far they can go.

Esping-Andersen

three welfare models: universal, conservative and liberal; they differ in how much they separate welfare from employment.

Szikra and Tomka

Eastern European welfare was more top-down, employment-based and politically controlled.

Beveridge

the welfare state should defeat the Five Giants: idleness, disease, ignorance, squalor and want.

Hayek

central economic planning concentrates power and risks producing totalitarianism.

Maier

the illiberal state creates divisions and uses scapegoats to strengthen political authority.

Wheatley

states are not permanent; they change over time, but historical and legal structures continue to shape them.

Slobodian

economic zones weaken state jurisdiction and the welfare system, while the development of citizenship has historically expanded through civil, political and social rights.