Cell Types and Structure, Biological Membranes and Membrane Transport, Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on cell types, membranes, and the cell cycle.

What is the size range of most prokaryotic cells?

Typically between 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers.

What is the size range of most eukaryotic cells?

Typically between 10 to 100 micrometers.

What is the endosymbiont theory?

Eukaryotes arose from prokaryotic cells through a long-term symbiotic relationship where one cell engulfed another.

List a main feature of prokaryotic cells.

They lack a nucleus.

List a main feature of plant cells.

They have cell walls and chloroplasts.

List a main feature of animal cells.

They have lysosomes and no cell wall.

What are the major components of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.

What does selectively permeable membrane mean?

It allows certain substances to pass while restricting others.

What type of molecules move easily across a membrane by simple diffusion?

Small nonpolar molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

List the three main types of transport proteins.

Channels, carriers, and pumps.

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not.

What is simple diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without assistance.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Movement of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins from high to low concentration.

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?

Cell growth and normal metabolic roles.

What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

DNA replication.

What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?

Preparation for mitosis.

List the stages of mitosis.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis?

They align, separate, and are distributed to daughter cells.

What are the three internal checkpoints of the cell cycle?

G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, and M checkpoint.

How do positive regulators control the cell cycle?

They promote cell cycle progression.

How do negative regulators control the cell cycle?

They inhibit cell cycle progression.

What are proto-oncogenes?

Normal genes that promote cell division; mutations can lead to oncogenes.

What are oncogenes?

Mutated proto-oncogenes that lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

What are tumor suppressor genes?

Genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth; mutations can lead to cancer.

What can data or specific examples reveal about the cell cycle or mitosis?

They can indicate disruptions in checkpoints or regulation that contribute to cancer.