Human Skeletal Anatomy: Bones and Bone Markings

Comprehensive practice flashcards identifying the bones of the human axial and appendicular skeleton along with specific bone landmarks, processes, fossae, and foramina.

Identify the skull bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Frontal bone

Identify the cranial bone indicated by the blue arrow on the lateral view.

Temporal bone ($2$)

Identify the bone indicated by the blue arrow at the back and base of the cranium.

Occipital bone

Identify the superior-lateral cranial bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Parietal bone ($2$)

Identify the bone indicated by the blue arrow in this lateral view of the cranium.

Sphenoid bone (lateral view)

Identify the bone indicated by the blue arrow in this inferior view of the skull base.

Sphenoid bone (inferior view)

Identify the cranial bone highlighted on the anterior cranial floor indicated by the blue arrow.

Ethmoid bone

Identify the lower jaw bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Mandible

Identify the paired upper jaw bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Maxilla ($2$)

Identify the bone indicated by the blue arrow forming the posterior portion of the hard palate.

Palatine bone ($2$)

Identify the cheek bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Zygomatic bone ($2$)

Identify the bridge of the nose bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Nasal bone ($2$)

Identify the small bone in the medial orbit wall indicated by the blue arrow.

Lacrimal bone ($2$)

Identify the inferior nasal septum bone indicated by the white arrow on the model.

Vomer

Identify the horseshoe-shaped neck bone shown in lateral and anterior views.

Hyoid bone

Identify the paired bones highlighted in green on the posterior thorax.

Scapula ($2$)

Identify the paired collarbones highlighted in green on the anterior skeleton.

Clavicle ($2$)

Identify the region of the vertebral column highlighted in green.

Cervical vertebrae ($7$)

Identify the first cervical vertebra ($C1$) shown in this superior view.

Atlas

Identify the second cervical vertebra ($C2$) shown in this illustration.

Axis

Identify the type of vertebra highlighted in green, displaying costal facets.

Thoracic vertebrae ($12$)

Identify the large-bodied vertebra highlighted in green.

Lumbar vertebrae ($5$)

Identify the fused triangular bone highlighted in green at the base of the vertebral column.

Sacrum

Identify the terminal tailbone structure highlighted in green.

Coccyx

Identify the ribs highlighted in green that attach directly to the sternum.

True ribs #$1-7$ ($14$)

Identify the ribs highlighted in green that attach indirectly to the sternum.

False ribs #$8-10$ ($6$)

Identify the ribs highlighted in green that lack an anterior attachment to the sternum.

Floating ribs #$11-12$ ($4$)

Identify the upper arm bone highlighted in green.

Humerus ($2$)

Identify the medial bone of the forearm highlighted in green.

Ulna ($2$)

Identify the lateral bone of the forearm highlighted in green.

Radius ($2$)

Identify the collective group of wrist bones highlighted in green.

Carpals ($16$)

Identify the small, anterior carpal bone highlighted in green on the medial wrist.

Pisiform ($2$)

Identify the proximal carpal bone highlighted in green beneath the pisiform.

Triquetal ($2$)

Identify the crescent-shaped proximal carpal bone highlighted in green.

Lunate ($2$)

Identify the lateral, boat-shaped proximal carpal bone highlighted in green.

Scaphoid ($2$)

Identify the hooked distal carpal bone highlighted in green on the medial side.

Hamate ($2$)

Identify the large, central distal carpal bone highlighted in green.

Capitate ($2$)

Identify the distal carpal bone highlighted in green positioned medial to the trapezium.

Trapezoid ($2$)

Identify the distal lateral carpal bone highlighted in green that articulates with the thumb metacarpal.

Trapezium ($2$)

Identify the five palm bones of the hand highlighted in green.

Metacarpals ($10$)

Identify the finger bones highlighted in green articulating with the metacarpals.

Proximal phalanges of the hand ($10$)

Identify the intermediate finger bones highlighted in green.

Middle phalanges of the hand ($8$)

Identify the terminal fingertip bones highlighted in green.

Distal phalanges of the hand ($10$)

Identify the broad, superior wing of the pelvic bone highlighted in green.

Ilium ($2$)

Identify the posterior, inferior part of the hip bone highlighted in green.

Ischium ($2$)

Identify the anterior, inferior part of the pelvic bone highlighted in green.

Pubis ($2$)

Identify the thigh bone highlighted in green.

Femur ($2$)

Identify the kneecap bone highlighted in green.

Patella ($2$)

Identify the medial, larger shinbone highlighted in green.

Tibia ($2$)

Identify the slender, lateral lower leg bone highlighted in green.

Fibula ($2$)

Identify the collective group of ankle bones highlighted in green.

Tarsals ($14$)

Identify the heel bone highlighted in green.

Calcaneus ($2$)

Identify the superior tarsal bone highlighted in green that articulates with the leg.

Talus ($2$)

Identify the boat-shaped tarsal bone highlighted in green anterior to the talus.

Navicular ($2$)

Identify the lateral cube-shaped tarsal bone highlighted in green.

Cuboid ($2$)

Identify the most lateral of the three cuneiform bones highlighted in green.

Lateral cuneiform ($2$)

Identify the middle cuneiform bone highlighted in green.

Intermediate cuneiform ($2$)

Identify the most medial cuneiform bone highlighted in green.

Medial cuneiform ($2$)

Identify the five midfoot bones highlighted in green.

Metatarsals ($10$)

Identify the toe bones highlighted in green that articulate with the metatarsals.

Proximal phalanges of the foot ($10$)

Identify the middle toe bones highlighted in green.

Middle phalanges of the foot ($8$)

Identify the terminal toe bones highlighted in green.

Distal phalanges of the foot ($10$)

Identify the opening above the orbit indicated by the black arrow.

Supraorbital foramen

Identify the bridge-like arch indicated by the black arrow on the lateral skull.

Zygomatic process (arch)

Identify the round bony projection posterior to the ear indicated by the blue arrow.

Mastoid process

Identify the needle-like projection on the inferior temporal bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Styloid process

Identify the ear canal opening indicated by the blue arrow.

External auditory meatus

Identify the foramen indicated by the blue arrow anterior to the jugular foramen.

Carotid foramen

Identify the large irregular opening indicated by the blue arrow on the inferior skull base.

Jugular foramen (lateral foramen)

Identify the large central opening in the occipital bone indicated by the line.

Foramen magnum

Identify the smooth articular processes indicated by the blue arrow lateral to the foramen magnum.

Occipital condyles

Identify the midline bump on the posterior occipital bone highlighted in green.

External occipital protuberance

Identify the saddle-shaped feature in the sphenoid bone highlighted in green.

Sella turcia

Identify the canal indicated by the blue arrow leading from the cranial cavity into the orbit.

Optic foramen

Identify the upward cock's comb projection of the ethmoid bone indicated by the blue arrow.

Crista galli

Identify the suture line highlighted in blue between the frontal and parietal bones.

Coronal suture

Identify the midline suture highlighted in blue separating the two parietal bones.

Sagittal suture

Identify the posterior suture line highlighted in blue between the parietal bones and the occipital bone.

Lambdoidal suture

Identify the suture line highlighted in blue between the parietal bone and the temporal bone.

Squamosal suture

Identify the tooth-socket-bearing margin indicated by the applicators.

Alveolar process (margin)

Identify the anterior projection of the mandibular ramus highlighted in green.

Coronoid process (mandible)

Identify the posterior articular process of the mandibular ramus highlighted in green.

Mandibular condyle (condylar process)

Identify the curved horizontal portion of the mandible patterned in blue.

Body of the mandible

Identify the upright vertical branch of the mandible patterned in blue.

Ramus of the mandible

Identify the external opening on the anterior-lateral mandible indicated by the white arrow.

Mental foramen

Identify the upright odontoid tooth-like process of the axis ($C2$) highlighted in green.

Dens

Identify the central opening of the vertebra highlighted in green.

Vertebral foramen

Identify the lateral apertures between articulated vertebrae highlighted in orange.

Intervertebral foramen

Identify the posterior midline projection of the vertebra highlighted in green.

Spinous process

What are the lateral projections extending from each side of a vertebra called?

Transverse process

Identify the upper triangular portion of the sternum highlighted in green.

Manubrium of the sternum

Identify the middle elongated portion of the sternum highlighted in green.

Body of the sternum

Identify the inferior cartilaginous tip of the sternum highlighted in green.

Xiphoid process of the sternum

Identify the joint circled between the sternum and clavicle.

Sternoclavicular joint

Identify the joint circled between the acromion and clavicle.

Acromioclavicular joint

Identify the prominent posterior ridge of the scapula highlighted in green.

Spine of the scapula

Identify the broad, flat triangular blade of the scapula highlighted in green.

Body of the scapula

Identify the lateral terminal expansion of the scapular spine highlighted in green.

Acromion process

Identify the depression superior to the scapular spine highlighted in green.

Supraspinous fossa

Identify the broad depression inferior to the scapular spine highlighted in green.

Infraspinous fossa