Y9/GCSE Biology Unit 1.1: Key Concepts (a-f) KEYWORDS

These were made by AI looking at my OneNote notes so if they're bad then so be it.

microscope

apparatus that uses magnified lenses to make small objects appear larger

light microscope

microscope using light and lenses; shows cells with low detail and colour

electron microscope

microscope using electrons to produce highly magnified, high-resolution images

magnification

how many times larger the image is than the actual object

resolution

the smallest distance between two points that can be distinguished

eyepiece lens

lens you look through; provides magnification

stains

substances used to make cell structures more visible

micrometre

unit equal to 1 × 10⁻⁶ m

nanometre

unit equal to 1 × 10⁻⁹ m

picometre

unit equal to 1 × 10⁻¹² m

eukaryote

organism with cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

prokaryote

organism with cells without a nucleus; DNA is free in the cytoplasm

organelle

specialised structure inside a cell with a specific function

mitochondria

site of aerobic respiration; releases energy

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

scale bar

line representing a known actual length on an image

field of view

circular area visible through a microscope

specialised cell

cell adapted to carry out a specific function

adaptation

feature that helps a cell carry out its function

acrosome

contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg

haploid

containing half the normal number of chromosomes

embryo

developing organism after fertilisation and early cell division

fertilisation

fusion of male and female gamete nuclei

oviducts

tubes transporting eggs from the ovary to the uterus

cilia

hair-like structures that move substances along a cell surface

epithelial cells

cells lining surfaces such as the intestine; absorb digested food

microvilli

cell membrane folds that increase surface area for absorption

prokaryotic

describing a cell without a nucleus

chromosomal DNA

main genetic material containing instructions for cell activity

plasmid

small circular piece of DNA separate from chromosomal DNA

flagellum

rotating structure that propels a bacterium

calorimeter

apparatus used to measure energy released by food

joules

unit of energy

calories

unit of energy used to measure food energy

carbohydrate

biological molecule including sugars and starch; important energy source

starch

storage carbohydrate made from many glucose molecules

reducing sugar

sugar such as glucose or fructose that reacts with Benedict's solution

lipids

fats and oils

iodine

chemical used to test for starch

Benedict's solution

chemical used to test for reducing sugars

Biuret solution

chemical used to test for proteins

emulsion test

test for lipids using ethanol and water

qualitative

descriptive data; gives a positive/negative or category rather than a number

quantitative

numerical data that gives a measured value