Sports Psychology 139H - Midterm Study Guide

Two primary situational considerations in need achievement theory

• Probability of Success (how likely is that you will succeed)

&

• Incentive of success (our value or satisfaction on succeeding

True or False: Attributing performances to internal, controllable factors does not often result in emotional reactions such as pride and shame

False

True or False:

When defining motivation, the direction of effort refers to whether an individual does not seek out, does not approach, or is not attracted to certain situations

False

True or False:

When defining motivation, the intensity of effort refers to how much effort a person puts forth in a particular situation

True

True or False:

Enhancing motivation through personality and situational characteristics

True

True or False:

A task orientation focused on comparing performance with personal standards and personal improvement is a task goal orientation

True

The Interactional View of Motivation claims that motivation is an interaction of which of the two following factors?

• Personal Factors

• Situational Factors

Attribution theory focuses on ______

How athletes explain their success and failures

When I say motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics, which view of motivation is that statement consistent with?

Trait-Centered View

What are the three factors in achievement goal theory?

• Achievement goal

• Perceived ability

• Achievement behavior

Which theory influences feelings of self-esteem, competence, and control?

Competence Motivation Theory

The bodybuilder focuses on comparing themselves with others and defeating others. Which type of orientation is the bodybuilder showing?

Ego-Oriented Athlete

Which of the following does the concept of achievement motivation not include?

Need Achievement Theory believes behavior is influenced by the balance of:

• Striving for success

• Persistence through failure

• Experience pride in accomplishments

No answer here so just remember that it will be whatever is not listed above

What, in addition to state anxiety, narrows a person's attentional field, decreases environmental scanning, and shifts attention toward dominant attentional styles and inappropriate cues?

Arousal

"What is the correct order of the four interrelated stages of stress, beginning with Stage 1 and ending with Stage 4

1. Environmental Demand

2. Perception of Demand

3. Stress Response

4. Behavioral Consequences

What term describes moment-to-moment changes in an athlete's perceived physiological activation?

Somatic state anxiety

What describes an athlete's general level of anxiety that remains relatively stable over time?

Trait anxiety

According to the inverted-U hypothesis, how does performance change as arousal increases from low levels to an optimal point?

As arousal reaches the optimal point our performance will slowly rise, however past that optimal point our performance will slowly fall off

True or False:

Increased arousal and state anxiety cause increased muscle tension and fatigue and can interfere with coordination

True

Arousal is a blend of physiological and psychological activity and refers to _____

Intensity dimension of motivation at any given moment

What term describes a substantial imbalance between demand and response capability when failing to meet the demand has important consequences?

Stress

Which of the following explains how increased arousal influences athletic performance?

• Increased muscle tension, fatigue, and coordination difficulties

• Changes in attention, concentration, and visual search patterns

A context-related source of stress includes ________

• importance of Competitive Event

• Uncertainty of Outcome

Increased arousal and state anxiety also influence athletic performance through changes in ________

• Attention

• Concentration

• Visual search patterns

According to the textbook, high trait anxiety and ________are related to heightened state anxiety reactions in athletes

Low Self-Esteem

When an athlete looks forward to competition while another athlete dreads the upcoming competitive event, this is an example of ________

Subjective Completive Situation

Rewards that people perceive as controlling their behavior or as suggesting that they are incompetent

Decrease Intrinsic Motivation

Motivational feedback attempts to facilitate performance by enhancing ________, inspiring greater effort and energy expenditure, and creating a positive mood.

Confidence

According to the course textbook, a factor that might disrupt the occurrence of flow is ________

• Lacking motivation to perform

• Loss of concentration

• Poor technique

• Negative thinking

Loss of concentration

According to the course textbook, preventive factors that might prevent the occurrence of flow are ________

• Lack of confidence, negative mental state

• Loss of concentration, daydreaming, worrying about a competitor's ability

• Negative referee decisions, stoppage in play

• Negative talk on the field, lack of team interaction

Lack of confidence, negative mental state

According to the course textbook, which of the following factors can prevent and disrupt flow?

• Self-doubt

• Loss of concentration

• Poor technique

• Injury

• All of the above

All of the above

True or False:

Harmonious passion is a strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one's identity

True

What is the term used to describe a fully controllable desire to participate in an activity that becomes part of one's identity?

Harmonious Passion

What is the term used to define the balance between perceived skill and challenge?

Flow

A key feature in the multimodal anxiety reduction programs is that they help participants develop a number of ________

Coping Skills

True or False:

Progressive relaxation technique involves tensing and relaxing specific muscles from one major muscle group to the next until all muscle groups are completely relaxed

True

What is the name of the response that teaches you to quiet the mind, concentrate and reduce muscle tension?

Relaxation Repones

Problem-focused coping skills

Cognitive-behavioral efforts to change for the better the problem causing the athlete to experience distress

Skills Include:

• Setting short-term and long-term goals

• Using good time management skills to address the problem

• Gathering information and implementing problem-solving behavior → steps toward fixing it

Emotion-focused coping skills

Seek to regulate distressing emotions through the use of

certain arousal control techniques

Skills include:

• Relaxation techniques

• Meditation

• Other cognitive efforts to change the meaning of the situation

What does cognitive restructuring attempt to do?

Identify irrational or stress-inducing self statements and change them into more positive thoughts

What is a cognitive affective stress management training program?

A skills program that teaches athletes an integrated coping response,

combining relaxation and cognitive techniques to control emotional arousal

Vividly imagined events that produce innervation in muscles is similar to innervation produced by physically practicing a specific athletic movement

Psychneuromuscular Theory

Symbolic learning theory of imagery suggests that ________

Athletic movements are encoded in the central nervous system, creating a mental blueprint for performing the skill

True or False:

When using imagery, two keys to good images are vividness and controllability

True

When an athlete imagines themselves to be in a specific setting that is highly motivating to the athlete, such as receiving a championship medal. What type of imagery is that?

Motivational-Specific imagery

What is the name of the theory that says that an image is a functionally organized set of propositions stored by the brain? An image consists of three main types of statements, response propositions, stimulus propositions, and meaning propositions

Bioinformational Theory

Internal imagery makes it easier for an athlete to experience a particular sense

Kinesthetic Sense

What is controllability in imagery, and why is it important?

Ability to manipulate mental images so they show what the athlete wants to accomplish rather than mistakes

What is an example of how an athlete can use controllability of imagery to improve performance under pressure?

An athlete mentally rehearses successfully performing a difficult skill while remaining calm and in control under pressure

Midterm Test Prompt:

Motivation feedback

Facilitates performance by:

• Enhancing confidence

• Inspires greater effort and energy expenditure

• Creating a positive mood

Midterm Test Prompt:

Multimodal anxiety reduction techniques

Multimodal anxiety reduction techniques: combine cognitive and somatic state anxiety reduction techniques to decrease athlete's competitive state anxiety

• Multimodal anxiety reduction technique programs → help athletes develop better coping skills

Midterm Test Prompt:

Psych neuromuscular theory

• Psych neuromuscular theory: suggest that vividly imagined events using imagery produce subliminal neuromuscular patterns identical to those used during actual movement → without athlete physically moving

• Subliminal → below the threshold of consciousness → athlete is NOT aware

Midterm Test Prompt:

Symbolic learning theory

• Symbolic learning theory: suggests that athletic movements must first be encoded in the central nervous system, creating a mental blueprint

• Mental blueprint → contains the movement sequences, goals, and solutions needed to perform athletic skills correctly

• Unlike psychoneuromuscular theory → it does NOT require subliminal electrical activity in the muscles

Midterm Test Prompt:

Motivational specific imagery

Motivational specific imagery: athlete imagines themselves in a specific setting that is highly motivating to them

Midterm Test Prompt:

Bioinformational theory

Bioinformational theory: a mental image is an organized set of propositions or characteristics stored in the brain's long-term memory

Three types:

1. Stimulus propositions: describe the content or characteristics of the imagined situation

2. Response propositions: describe the athlete's responses to the imagined stimuli

3. Meaning propositions: describe the personal meaning or significance of the imagined situation