MIDTERMS

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychologist who developed the concept of the id, ego, and superego as structures of the mind that shape personality.

Id

The part of the mind characterized by basic urges and desires, seeking instant gratification and pleasure.

Ego

The part of the mind that operates on the reality principle, controlling the id and conforming with societal considerations.

Superego

The "conscience" and "moral judge" of one's conduct, striving for perfection rather than pleasure.

Ego strength

The ability of the ego to resolve conflict between the id, ego, and superego.

Psychosexual stages of development

Freud's theory that personality develops through five stages, each with its own needs and potential fixations.

Oral stage

The first stage of development, characterized by pleasure derived from oral activities like sucking and biting.

Anal stage

The stage occurring in the second year of life, where pleasure is derived from elimination of bodily wastes.

Phallic stage

The stage occurring around ages 3 to 6, characterized by pleasure derived from examining and touching genitals.

Latency stage

The stage from 7 to 12 years of age, where sexual energy is repressed due to focus on school.

Genital stage

The stage from adolescence to adulthood, where pleasure is derived from sexual relationships.

Erik Erikson

Psychologist who developed a theory of psychosocial stages of development, emphasizing the role of ego development in identity formation.

Identity formation

The process during adolescence of distancing oneself from parental expectations and defining one's own identity.

Trust vs

The first psychosocial stage, occurring in the first year of life, where trust or mistrust is developed based on the care received.

Autonomy vs

The stage occurring during the first three years of life, where independence and exploration lead to autonomy or shame and doubt.

Initiative vs

The stage occurring around 3 to 5 years of age, where a sense of responsibility leads to initiative or guilt.

Industry vs

The stage occurring during elementary school years, where developing knowledge and skills leads to a sense of industry or inferiority.

Identity formation vs

The stage occurring during adolescence, where individuals explore and develop a sense of identity or experience confusion.

Intimacy vs

The stage occurring during early adulthood, where the development of intimate relationships leads to intimacy or isolation.

Generativity vs

The stage occurring in middle adulthood, where the desire to contribute to the world leads to generativity or stagnation.

Integrity vs

The final stage occurring during old age, where self-reflection leads to a sense of integrity or despair.

Unpacking the self

The gradual unfolding and growth process of the self and identity, particularly during adolescence.

Physical self

Refers to the body and its functions, which change throughout an individual's lifespan.

Body image

How individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and physical appearance.

Appearance

Everything about a person that others can observe, such as height, weight, skin color, clothes, and hairstyle.

Heredity

The biological process of inheriting traits from parents to offspring.

Environment

The factors an individual is exposed to throughout life, including learning and experiences.

Physiognomy

The theory that a person's physical characteristics are related to their character or personality.

Five Element Theory

The theory that correlates facial features, body types, and behavioral tendencies with the elements of water, wood, fire, earth, and metal.

Theory based on prominence of body fluids

The theory that an excess or deficiency in bodily fluids influences personality, temperament, and well-being.

Body-type Theory by William Sheldon

The theory that categorizes individuals into endomorphic, mesomorphic, or ectomorphic body types.

Beauty

Perceived as important throughout history due to its association with youth, health, good genes, and fertility.

Standards of beauty

Have changed over time due to changing cultural values, but all cultures have a concept of what is beautiful.

Fashion industry

Dictates societal ideals of beauty, leading many people to be dissatisfied with their bodies.

Physical attractiveness

The desired state of appearance that individuals are willing to spend a significant amount of money to achieve.

Tattooing and piercing

Forms of body modification that have been practiced globally since ancient times, traditionally symbolizing strength, bravery, and social status.

Cosmetic surgery

Another form of body modification involving surgical and non-surgical procedures to restore, reconstruct, or alter body parts.

Beauty

A concept that remains important in all societies, whether biologically programmed or culturally constructed.

Advantages of attractiveness

Studies have shown that physically attractive individuals have more opportunities in finding jobs, getting promotions, and earning higher income. They are also often perceived as happier, smarter, and better people.

Cultural perceptions of beauty

Different cultures have varying definitions and perceptions of beauty, often emphasizing the subjective nature of beauty being in the eye of the beholder.

undefined