photosynthesis exam

3 steps of aerobic respiration

Glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

Location inputs and outputs of glycolysis

Location - cytosol. Inputs - 2ADP+Pi, NAD+, glucose. Outputs - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate.

Location inputs and outputs of krebs cycle

Location - mitochondrial matrix. Inputs - 2 ADP + Pi, 2 Acetyl-CoA, NAD+, FAD. Outputs - 2 ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2.

Location inputs and outputs of electron transport chain

Location - mitochondrial cristae. Inputs - 26/28 ADP+Pi, NADH, FADH2, O2. Outputs - 26/28 ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O

anaerobic fermentation

Begins with glycolysis. Allows for replenishment of NAD+ for glycolysis use. Animals and yeasts have different systems of doing this. Both have toxic byproducts and aren’t efficient.

Lactic acid fermentations (animals)

Pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid to cycle NADH back to NAD+.

ethanol fermentation (yeasts)

Pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO2, allowing for regeneration of NAD+.

Factors affecting cellular respiration

Temperature. Glucose concentration (higher glucose increases respiration rate up to saturation). Oxygen concentration (promotes aerobic respiration until enzyme or substrate limitations occur). Waste concentration (accumulation of CO₂ or alcohol inhibits respiration rate).

Chlorophyll

Green pigment that drives photosynthesis by absorbing light. Absorbs blue and red light, mostly reflects green and yellow light.

Rubisco

Primary enzyme that enables CO2 to be converted into glucose. Takes the 1 carbon molecule of CO2 and attaches it to a 5 carbon molecule called Rubp. 

Light dependent photosynthesis and inputs/outputs

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. Inputs - H2O, NADP, 18ADP+Pi. Outputs - O2, NAD+, 18ATP 

Light Independent photosynthesis 

Location - stroma of chloroplast. The carbon is fixed by Rubisco in Calvin Benson cycle. Inputs - CO2, 18ATP, NADPH. Outputs - glucose, ADP+Pi, NADP+ 

Factors affecting photosynthesis

Light intensity and frequency (photosynthesis increases until saturation point). Carbon dioxide concentration (higher levels enhance photosynthesis until other factors become limiting). Temperature. Water availability (essential for light reactions)

C4 plant structure and function

C.B cycle occurs in bundle sheath, C4 has mesophyll where PEP cycle occurs to produce malate which is more storable therefore prevents photorespiration.

CAM plant structure and function

C.B cycle occurs in the bundle sheath then PEP cycle occurs to produce malate which is more storable than