Drug Use & Abuse Chapters 13-16

Define caffeine

Most popular drug in the world: a stimulant used to heighten the central nervous system and mobilize fats to prolong aerobic energy production

Two major chemicals in opium

Morphine is the primary active ingredient in opium. It was first isolated in 1806 and named morphium after Morpheus, the god of dreams. It is 10 times as potent as opium.

Codeine is a secondary active alkaloid in opium. It was first isolated in 1832, and named after the Greek word for "poppy head".

Drug Epidemic

Sudden increase in the number of users of a particular psychoactive substance.

What was used to help an individual gain weight during and after World War 2?

Caloric rehabilitation by feeding them rich food, which caused many deaths. So they switched to skim milk, bland liquid diets or thin porridges from simple grains, and intravenous glucose and saline drips for individuals who were too weak to swallow. They also gave them anabolic steroids for them to regain their muscle tissue more rapidly.

Pharmacology of LSD

A semisynthetic psychedelic drug that acts primarily as a potent agonist and partial agonist at various serotonin receptors in the central nervous system

Psychotomimetic drugs

• Psychotomimetic means "mimicking psychosis"

• Implies that the drugs produce dangerous effects and a form of mental disorder

• Produce hallucinations and some altered reality, a state similar to psychosis

Psychoanaleptic drugs

Medications that stimulate or raise the activity of the central nervous system.

What was LSD synthesized for alkaloids derived from?

Ergot alkaloids derived from ergot, or Claviceps purpurea, a parasitic fungus that grows on rye and other grains.

What year did the Olympic Committee establish rules disqualifying contestants who failed or refused to take drug tests?

1968

What is the primary psychoactive agent present in a cannabis plant?

THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which is concentrated in a resin.

Early stimulant drugs used by boxers

Strychnine: Strengthened muscle contractions, such as a heart and bowel stimulant and performance-enhancing drug at low doses. Higher doses may lead to convulsions and death.

Cocaine: Used topically as a local anesthetic to numb cuts and swelling, or ingested/injected to increase alertness, reduce pain, and boost aggression.

Café/Caffeine: Administered via strong coffee or specialized concoctions to provide a mild, legal pick-me-up before regulations tightened.

Amphetamines: Introduced later in the 2030s-1940s and widely abused by endurance and combat athletes through the mid-20th century before formal bans. Used to make the central nervous system active and speeded up, such as Adderall.

What is the chemical that is isolated from brain tissue that produces marijuana-like effects?

Anandamide

What brand name did Bayer laboratories market diacetylmorphine tablets under?

Heroin

What chemical grouping do LSD & psilocybin belong to?

Indoles, which is a psychedelic chemical grouping where drugs have the same basic indole structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

What is the scientific name for opium poppy or poppy head?

Papaver somniferum

Androgenic Drugs

Androgens, which are testosterone replacements or stimulators, and anti-androgens, which block testosterone production or activity.

Androgens and anti-androgens are used for conditions like hypogonadism, prostate cancer, and hormone imbalances.

Ergogenic Drugs

Substances believed to enhance athletic performance. Athletes started using ergogenic drugs not long after these drugs were introduced in the 1930s. Boxers, cyclists, and soccer players used this.

What drug did the 16th century physician Paracelsus promote?

Laudanum, which is a tincture of opium

Alchemy and minerals like mercury, lead, and arsenic

Trichomes

Tiny, spikeline projections that give leaves a fuzzy appearance, and help reduce the evaporation of water from the plant.

Terpenes

-metabolic precursors to steroids and other lipid signaling molecules

-odiferous chemicals

-class of lipids built from isoprene

• carbons are grouped in multiples of 5

-grouped according to the # of isoprene units present

-a single terpene consists of 2 isoprene units

"Wine for athletes" in the 1800s

Cocaine - available beginning in the 1800s. Mariani's Coca Wine was used by the French Cycling Team. Athletes later used pure cocaine.

Metabolism of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

THC has a half-life of 19 hours. Complete elimination of THC and its metabolites may take 2 to 3 weeks.

Cognitive effect of marijuana

Marijuana disrupts cognitive performance.

• Slowed cognitive processing.

• Disrupted short-term memory.

• Disrupted inhibitory control.

• Loss of sustained concentration or vigilance.

• Disrupted visuospatial processing

Hashish

Most potent preparation. Prepared by scraping or breaking off the tiny hairlike trichomes and packing them together, with up to 65 percent THC by weight.

What is the earliest recorded use of opium?

Has a 6,000 year long history of medical use.

The earliest archaeological evidence of human use of opium dates back more than 7,000 years, over 5,000 BCE during the Neolithic age.

This is more than 6,000 years ago.

When was the possession of smuggled opioids made a crime?

Smoking Opioid Exclusion Act of 1909, which banned importing and smoking opium, making the first federal law against non-medical drug use.