logic chapter 1

Definition of logic as a field of study and as an instrument

A. Logic as a field of study

Logic is a branch of philosophy that studies arguments and the principles and methods of correct reasoning.

Example: Studying the rules that help you distinguish good arguments from bad ones.

B. Logic as an instrument

Logic is a tool you use to construct your own arguments and evaluate other people's arguments.

Example: When a politician makes a claim, you use logic to determine whether the evidence supports it

Argument means

It is a set of statements in which some statements provide reasons to support another statement

Philosophy means

is a rational and critical enterprise that tries to formulate and answer fundamental questions through an intensive application of reason

What the three methods(application) of philosophical reasoning?

Philosophy uses three important methods:

Analysis: Breaking an idea into smaller parts to understand it.

Comparison: Examining similarities and differences between ideas.

Evaluation: Judging the strength, quality, or validity of an argument.

The best way to learn and understand philosophy is____

To philosophize

True/false… Thinking alone does not automatically make someone a philosopher. Philosophical thinking requires disciplined reasoning, examination, and analysis

True

According to Socrates philosophy begins in ___

Wonders

Wonder means

Wonder means a feeling of curiosity, amazement, or deep desire to understand something

The word philosophy comes from two Greek words…

Philo=love and Sophia=wisdom

Literal meaning of philosophy

Love of wisdom

Who use the term philosopher for the first time

Pythagoras

_________ is the beginning of philosophy

Questioning

What are the two sides of philosophy?

A. Constructive side

Philosophy attempts to formulate rationally defensible answers to fundamental questions.

Example:

Developing an argument about what makes a government legitimate.

B. Critical side

Philosophy examines, analyzes, clarifies, and evaluates answers that have already been proposed.

Example:

Examining whether another philosopher's argument about legitimate government is logically convincing.

True/false … Philosophy is an activity, not merely a product

True

What are the five general features of philosophy?

1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe

2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs.

3. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole.

4. Philosophy is the logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts

5. Philosophy is a group of perennial problems that interest people and for which philosophers always have sought answers.

Which feature of philosophy is having a philosophy?

1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe.

Which feature of philosophy is doing a philosophy?

2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs.

which feature of a philosophy is formal philosophy

2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs.

Which feature of a philosophy is an informal philosophy

1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe

Genuine philosophical attitude should be

Open-minded: Willing to consider different ideas.

Critical: Not accepting everything without examination.

Tolerant: Respecting different opinions, even when we disagree.

Why do philosophers disagree

1. Different backgrounds: People have different cultures, experiences, education, and assumptions. Therefore, they may understand the same issue differently.

2. A changing universe: Society, people, and nature continuously change. Some people accept change, while others prefer traditional ideas.

3. Incomplete evidence: Philosophers sometimes deal with questions for which there is no complete evidence. Different people may interpret the available evidence differently.