Osteology & arthrology of the H&N

skeleton of the head

What is the cranium?

bony case of the brain, including cranial meninges

What is the neurocranium?

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, and occipital

What are the singular bones of the neurocranium? (4)

temporal and parietal

What are the paired bones of the neurocranium? (2)

dome-like roof of the neurocranium (skullcap)

What is the Calvaria of the neruocranium?

floor of the neurocranium

What is the crainal base of the neurocranium?

anterior part of cranium

What is the Viscerocranium?

mandible, ethmoid, and vomer

What are the singular bones of the Viscerocranium? (3)

Unossified area in the infant cranium

What is the Frontael of the cranium?

maxillae

inferior nasal conchae

zygomatic

palatine

nasal

lacrimal

What are the paired bones of the Viscerocranium? (6)

fibrous joint between cranial bones

What kind of joints are the sutures of the cranium?

Pneumatized bones: contain air spaces that increase with age.

What are the air sinus bones? what do they contain?

skeleton of forehead and superior margin of the roof of the orbit

What is the frontal bone of the cranium?

smooth, slightly depressed area between the superciliary arches

What is the Glabella of the frontal bone?

ridge extending on each side of the glabella. Typically greater in males

What is the superciliary arches of the frontal bone?

angular boundary between squamous (flat) and orbital parts

What is the supraorbiral margin of the frontal bone?

located in the supraorbital margin. Allows passage of the supraorbital nerve and arteries.

What is the supraorbital foramen of the frontal bone?

form prominence of cheeks, lie inferolateral to orbits, and rest on maxillae

What do the Zygomatic bones form? Where do they lie?

on facial side

Where are the Zygomaticofacial foramen located?

on temporal side

Where are the Zygomaticotemporal foramen located?

quadrangular pyramid, with base anteriorly, apex posteriorly, and 4 walls

What is the Orbit of the cranium?

Lacrimal bone. Contains fossa for lacrimal sac

What bone contributes to the medial wall of the orbit? (1/2) what fossa does it contain?

Orbital plate of ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea)

posterior to the lacrimal bone, very thin bone

What bone contributes to the medial wall of the orbit?

Frontal bone

What bone contributes to the superior wall of the orbit?

Sphenoid bone

greater wing contribute to lateral wall

lesser wing contribute to superior wall near the apex

What bone contributes to the lateral wall of the orbit?

through the lesser wing of sphenoid bone

Where is the optic canal through?

Orbital process of palatine bone

What bone contributes slightly to the apex of the orbit?

Zygomatic bone

What bone contributes Significantly to the lateral wall of the orbit?

Maxilla

What bone contributes to the significantly to the inferior wall of the orbit?

Superior orbital fissure

What bone is located between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid?

Inferior orbital fissure

what bone is between the maxilla, zygomatic, and greater wing of the sphenoid?

Infraorbital groove

What is the depression on the orbital surface of the maxilla?

pear-shaped anterior opening of the nose in the cranium

What is the Piriform aperture of the nasal cavity?

1.Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

2.Vomer

What bones does the nasal septum have (2)?

curvy bony plates on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity

Inferior: an individual bone

Middle and superior: part of the ethmoid bone

What is the nasal conchae?

form upper jaw and is the supporting bone for maxillary teeth

What is the maxillae from? what does it support?

tooth sockets (alveoli)

What is the alveolar process of the maxillae?

inferior to each orbit

What is the infraorbital foramen of the maxille?

articulates with zygomatic bone

What is the zygomatic process of the maxillae articulate with?

posterior on maxilla, behind last tooth. Most prominent after growth of wisdom tooth

where is the maxillary tuberosity located? When is it MOST prominent?

U-shaped that supports the mandibular teeth

What is the mandible?

horizontal part

What is the body of the mandible? (pink)

Vertical part

What is the ramus of the mandible? (pink)

union of body & ramus

What is the angle of the mandible? (pink)

forms prominence of chin

What does the mental protuberance of the mandible form? (green)

on the outside of body

Where is the Mental foramen of the mandible? (blue circle)

anterior to condylar process

Where is the Coronoid process of the mandible located? (pink theres 2)

between coronoid & condylar processes

What is the Mandibular notch of the mandible located between?

Condylar process

What process of the manndible inserts into mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the TMJ?

house the lower teeth

What does the Alveolar process of the mandible house? (pink)

Interalveolar septa

What are the bony partitions separating tooth sockets on the mandible? (green)

Mental spine

Superior and inferior (green/ light purple)

What is the site of attachment of muscles on the mandible? (green)

next to and guarded by the lingula

What is the mandibular foramen next to and guarded by? (red)

spinous process protecting the mandibular foramen and the nerve

What is the Lingula of the mandible? what does it protect?

Parietal bone

what bone is the superior and lateral part of the neruocranium?

inferior to parietal bones on both sides

Where does the temporal bone lie

anterior and upper part, contributes to temporal fossa

What is the squamous part of the temporal bone?

forms part of the zygomatic arch

What is the Zygomatic process of the temporal bone?

external ear opening

What is the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone?

posteroinferior to external acoustic meatus opening

Where is the mastoid process of the temporal bone?

anteromedial to mastoid process

Where is the styloid process of the temporal bone?

front boundary of mandibular fossa

where is the Articular tubercle of the temporal bone?

formed by the zygomatic process (temporal bone) and temporal process (zygomatic bone)

What is the zygomatic arch formed by?

anterior; inferior

The Greater wing of sphenoid bone is ______ to temporal bone and _______ to frontal bone.

weak area of bone junctions

What is pterion?

muscle filled space

What is temporal fossa?

medial to the ramus of the mandible and the zygomatic arch

Where is the infratemportal fossa?

1. Infratemporal crest

2. Lateral pterygoid plate

What features does the sphenoid bone have in the infratemportal fossa (2)?

connects infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa

What does the Pterygomaxillary fissure of the Infratemporal fossa connect?

pyramidal space, medial to pterygomaxillary fissure

Where is the Pterygopalatine fossa of the Infratemporal fossa?

opening on medial wall of pterygopalatine fossa, leading to nasal cavity

Where does the Sphenopalatine foramen of the Infratemporal fossa open? Where does it lead to?

communicates the infratemporal fossa with the orbit

What does the Inferior orbital fissure of the Infratemporal fossa communicate with?

separates frontal and parietal bones

The coronal suture separates what bones?

separates parietal bones

The sagittal suture seperates what bones?

separates parietal and temporal bones from occipital bone

The Lambdoid suture separates what bones?

muscle and ligament attachment

What is the External occipital protuberance of the occipital bone used for?

extends medially from external occipital protuberance to foramen magnum

What does the External occipital crest extend from and to?

extends laterally from external occipital protuberance. Marks the superior limit of neck posteriorly

What does the superior nuchal line extend from? what does it mark the superior limit of?

anterior to superior nuchal line and posterior to posterior rim of foramen magnum

Where is the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone ?

transition point between brain and spinal cord

What is the foramen magnum of the inferior portion of the cranium?

protuberances on each side of FM. Articulates cranium with vertebral column

What are the Occipital condyles? What do they articulate with?

depression posterior to FM and containing the condylar canal

What is the Condylar fossa what does it contain?

contained in the condylar fossa

What is the Condylar canal contained in?

anterior to occipital condyles

Where is the Hypoglossal canal located? (pink)

FM

What does the Basilar part of occipital bone extends forward from?

eminence on basilar part.

Attachment for pharyngeal wall

What is the Pharyngeal tubercle? what does it allow attachment for? (green)

exist only in the diseased, dry cranium. Between occipital, temporal, and sphenoid bone

***What does the Foramen lacerum exist only in? what is it between?

posterolateral to styloid process and anteromedially to mastoid process

Where is the Stylomastoid foramen located?

medial to the styloid process

Where is the Carotid canal located?

posterior to carotid canal

Where is the jugular foramen located?

anterior to external acoustic meatus opening. Accommodates mandibular condyles.

Where is the mandibular fossa located?

anterior to external acoustic meatus opening

Where is the Petrotympanic fissure

front boundary of mandibular fossa

Where is the Articular tubercle?

extend laterally from body of sphenoid

Where do the greater wings of the sphenoid bone extend from?

extend inferiorly from the junction of body and wings, medial to lateral pterygoid plate

Where does the Medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone extend from?

extend inferiorly from the junction of body and wings, lateral to medial pterygoid plate. Contribute to infratemporal fossa

What do the Lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone extend from? What does it contribute to?

small hook-shape coming off the medial pterygoid plate that serves as muscle attachment

What is the Pterygoid hamulus of the sphenoid bone? What does it serve as?

posterolateral to lateral pterygoid plate. Opens into the infratemporal fossa

What is the Foramen ovale? what does it open into?

posterior and slightly lateral to foramen ovale

Where is the Foramen spinosum of the sphenoid bone?

posterior to foramen spinosum, it guards it

where is the spine of the sphenoid bone? What does it do?