Law enforcement Test 2

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

Study testing whether increasing or decreasing routine patrol affected crime, fear of crime, or citizen satisfaction.

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment Findings

Changes in patrol levels had little or no effect on crime rates, fear of crime, or citizen attitudes.

Newark Foot Patrol Experiment Findings

Foot patrol did not reduce crime but increased citizen satisfaction and feelings of safety.

Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment Findings

Violent crime decreased and proactive police activity increased in targeted areas.

Police Supervisor Roles

Planning, directing, evaluating, disciplining, mentoring, and coordinating officer activities.

Importance of Police Supervisors

They connect department policy with officers' day-to-day actions.

Women in Policing Research

Studies generally found few significant differences in performance between male and female officers.

Seniority System Definition

A system where assignments, promotions, shifts, and vacations are based on length of service.

Advantage of Seniority System

Reduces favoritism and provides an objective basis for decisions.

Disadvantage of Seniority System

New officers usually receive less desirable shifts and assignments.

Challenge Recruiting African Americans

Historical tensions and distrust between police and minority communities.

Challenge Recruiting Women

Policing has traditionally been viewed as a male-dominated profession.

Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ)

A qualification that is genuinely necessary to perform a job successfully.

Quasi-Military Structure

A police organizational structure using ranks, uniforms, and a chain of command similar to the military.

Difference Between Police and Military

Police officers exercise discretion in carrying out their duties.

Police Bureaucracy

A complex organization characterized by hierarchy, specialization, formal rules, and a chain of command.

Advantages of Bureaucracy

Consistency, accountability, specialization, discipline, and efficiency.

Disadvantages of Bureaucracy

Inflexibility, communication problems, resistance to change, and lower morale.

COMPSTAT

A data-driven management system used to track crime trends and hold commanders accountable.

Purpose of COMPSTAT Meetings

To evaluate crime trends and hold commanders accountable for performance.

Civil Service System

A personnel system designed to prevent favoritism and political influence.

Purpose of Civil Service

To ensure fairness in hiring and promotions.

Advantage of Civil Service

Promotes fairness and merit-based decisions.

Disadvantage of Civil Service

Limits management flexibility.

Police Union Definition

An organization that represents officers in collective bargaining.

Benefits of Police Unions

Better pay, benefits, working conditions, and employee protections.

Criticisms of Police Unions

Can make discipline more difficult and reduce management authority.

Functions of Patrol

Crime deterrence, public safety, and service delivery.

Why Patrol is the Backbone of Policing

Most officers work patrol and handle the majority of public contacts.

Affirmative Action

Policies designed to increase opportunities for historically underrepresented groups.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

In-Service Training

Ongoing education and skill updates provided after officers are hired.

Importance of In-Service Training

Keeps officers current on laws, policies, and procedures.

Best Predictor of Police Success

Performance during recruit training.

Group Solidarity

Strong loyalty and support among police officers.

Police Subculture

Shared values, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that develop among officers.

Common Characteristic of Police Subculture

Officers often believe they can rely most on fellow officers.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that influence behavior and decisions.

Reality Shock

The gap between expectations of policing and actual job experiences.

Reality Shock #1

Citizens often do not cooperate with police investigations.

Reality Shock #2

Citizens frequently criticize or complain about police actions.

Reality Shock #3

People often react to the badge and uniform rather than the individual officer.

Response Time Components

Discovery time, reporting time, processing time, and travel time.

Response Time Research

Faster response time generally does not significantly increase arrests but does improve citizen satisfaction.

Warrior Model of Policing

View that policing is an us-versus-them mission focused on enforcement and control.

Guardian Model of Policing

View that emphasizes communication, problem-solving, and community relationships.

Three Workforce Crisis Issues

Fewer applicants, early retirements, and a large number of officers reaching retirement age.

Five Parts of Recruitment Process

Qualifications, recruitment, application, screening, and selection.

Reason Height Requirements Declined

Research found size is not essential because force is used in relatively few police encounters.

Reasons People Become Police Officers

Helping people, job security, fighting crime, excitement, prestige, and family influence.

Common Police Selection Tests

Written exam, physical test, polygraph, background investigation, psychological testing, and medical exam.

Five Parts of Police Training

Academy training, field training, in-service training, specialized training, and retraining.

Scenario-Based Training

Training that uses realistic situations to improve decision-making skills.

Vertical Cliques

Informal groups involving officers and supervisors working together through shared understanding.

Horizontal Cliques

Informal groups among officers of similar rank who often support one another.

Community Policing Goals

Decentralize decision-making, reduce bureaucracy, encourage creativity, and emphasize problem-solving.

Three Organizational Styles of Police Departments

Watchman, Legalistic, and Service styles.

Watchman Style

Focuses on peacekeeping and informal resolution of problems.

Legalistic Style

Focuses on aggressive enforcement of laws and regulations.

Service Style

Focuses on responding to community needs and expectations.

Hot Spot

An area with a disproportionate amount of crime or calls for service.

Patrol Beat

A geographic area assigned to an officer for patrol duties.

Span of Control

The number of officers supervised by one supervisor.

Why Single-Officer Patrol Cars Are Preferred

They are more efficient and cover more territory.

Benefits of Foot Patrol

Improves community relations and reduces fear of crime.

Drawback of Foot Patrol

Less efficient at responding to calls than vehicle patrol.

Communication Center

The nerve center of policing that receives and dispatches calls for service.

Percentage of Calls Involving Violent Crime

Approximately 3% of crime-related calls.

Main Focus of Police Work

Peacekeeping, service, and problem-solving rather than crime fighting alone.

Differential Response

Classifying calls by seriousness and assigning different response levels.

Three Levels of Differential Response

Immediate response, delayed officer response, and telephone/no officer response.

Reality Shock and Citizens

New officers often discover that citizens are not always supportive, cooperative, or appreciative of police work.

Advantage of Police Unions for Officers

They provide legal representation and protect employee rights.

Disadvantage of Police Unions for Management

They may limit management's ability to discipline officers.