Cognitive Exam II

Feature Search

target discriminated from non-target objects by single feature

Conjunction search

target discriminated from non-target objects by multiple features

Feature Search

In which type of search does the number of items not have an effect on reaction time?

Conjunction search

In which type of search has an increase in reaction time as the number of items also increases

Alertness, Orienting, Visual Search, Selective Attention, Divided Attention

What are the deployments of attention discussed in class?

Alertness, Orienting and Visual Search

What deployments of attention make up input attention?

Selective and Divided Attention

Which deployments of attention make up controlled attention?

Feature Integration Theory

theory stating that simple features are perceived without controlled attention, but controlled attention is needed to perceive multiple features

Controlled Processing

type of processing required in tasks that require effortful attention

Automatic Processing

processing used in task well practiced that don’t require effort or attention

Pinna, ear canal, and tympanic membrane

what are the components of the outer ear?

Pinna

What is the outside general part of the ear?

tympanic membrane

what is the technical name for the eardrum

three ossicles

What is the middle ear made up of?

ossicles

What connects and transmits the tympanic membrane vibrations and oval window?

20 times

How much larger is the eardrum than oval window

ossicles

What amplifies the sound from eardrum to oval window

cochlea,

What makes up the inner ear?

three canals and watery fluid

What are specific components of the cochlea

hair cells

What is moved in the cochlea when the fluid has pressure waves

release of neurotransmitters

what do hair cells stimulate?

auditory nerve

what kind of neurons are connected to hair cells and fire when vibrated

selection among alternatives, improve effectiveness of mental processes and restricting

What are the elements of our class’s definition of attention

alerting, orienting, and executive control of attention

What are the functional neural components of attention

Alertness

being prepared to detect some important stimulus

vigilance

being prepared to detect important stimuli over time

orienting

reflexive response to stimulus and shifting of attention

significant and novel

What kinds of stimuli activate orienting

visual search

Which deployment of attention falls under both input and controlled attention

practice

what do you need to get from controlled to automatic processing

no

does automatic processing interfere with other mental activity?

selective attention

focusing on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli

cocktail party problem

following one person’s conversation at a party while ignoring all the other sounds happening

controlled visual search

focusing on each individual object in a visual display instead of the whole picture

dichotic listening task

listening to two different speech streams in left and right ears using headphones and listening to only one stream while ignoring the unattended channel

shadowing

repeating back attended channel speech in dichotic listening task

filter theory

disproven theory stating that an attentful filter selects one message to be processed early in the stream of processing

cocktail party effect

the ability to switch attention when you hear your name in a large setting, disproved filter theory

attenuation theory

unattended channel of sensory information is lowered but not completely blocked, and there are different types of processing done on the stream that have different thresholds

sensory, short term and long term

what are the 3 facets of memory

Declarative and Procedural

what are the two main divisions of long-term memory

declarative memory

the ability to recall information available to conscious awareness

medial temporal lobe system

what part of the brain is used in declarative memory ability

procedural memory, non-declarative memory

the ability to remember but not verbalize information

basal ganglia and cortex system

what part of the brain is used in non-declarative memory

episodic memory

the information you remember is tied to a specific time and place, usually autobiographical events

semantic memory

factual information known without information about the learning context, ex: time and place where you learn information

episodic and semantic

What types of memory make up declarative memory?

skills and habits, priming, classical conditioning, nonassociative

what makes up procedual memory

priming

what is a common way for non declarative memory to be tested in lab?

subliminal perception

what was tested when participants were exposed to made up shapes and asked what they had seen before wand what they had liked better

wordstem completion

seeing the beginning of words and repeating them in a desired way because of previous exposure

filter theory

the cocktail party effect provides evidence against what theory

temporal lobe and auditory regions

with clear speech processing what parts of the brain are activated

auditory processing areas

in masked speech what areas of the brain are less active than clear speech

frontal lobe

in masked speech what areas of the brain are more active than clear speech

evans et al

what study deduced that cognitive control areas deal with excess noise?

divided attention

division of attention where you are trying to perform multiple tasks simulatneously

task switching

going in between certain activities

pictures

are words, pictures, or verbal memory words remembered best in Allport’s study

high multimedia

were high multimedia or low multimedia multitaskers better at filtering out irrelevant information

cognitive control

what is the n back task a test of

cognitive control

overriding auto pilot is an aspect of

cognitive control theory

theory by cohen tested by computer simulations to show how certain stimuli are ignored and some are accepted by boosting the activity levels of neurons in a less practiced pathway

anterior cingulate cortex

what part of the brain is the conflict monitor

anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex

according to kerns, the _____ becomes active first and then the control signals move into the _______

supervisory attentional system and biased competition

what 2 theories of cognitive control are incorporated in the main theory discussed in class

memory

the ability to have information from the past

encoding, maintained and retrieval

what three things are essential for long term memory

sensory memory

the ability to have information from the very recent past, less than a second

iconic memory

visual sensory memory

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory

short-term memory

the ability to have information from 20 seconds to 2 minutes

whole report

you briefly see a set of letters and numbers and try to remember as much as you can

partial report

identifying the letters on the matrix, but they only have to report back on one row instead of the whole matrix

75%

the rate of success was _____ with partial report compared to whole report which was 50%

the longer between the tone and cue, the less numbers reported

what is the pattern with amount of letters reported and delay between tone

150-350 ms

how long is the echoic memory duration

short term memory

information that is currently active during cognitive processing

HM

who had long term memory deficits without short term memory deficits and proved the difference between LTM and STM

the modal model of memory

the most widely believed theory of memory that shows that when we receive sensory inputs, they are moved into the sensory memory, then short term memory, then long term memory

all info has to go through STM before LTM, more time in STM means better LTM, planning and decision making comes from STM

what were the problems with the modal model of memory?

baddeley and hitch

who coined working memory

modality- independent central executive, and modality dependent slave systems

what is the structure of working memory

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, and phonological loop

what 3 systems work together in working memory

phonological loop

the component of working memory that temporarily holds and processes verbal and auditory information

phonological short term store, subvocal rehearsal, nonauditory inputs

what are the parts of the phonological loop

speech-acoustic coding format

how is phonological information encoded?

interference with similar sounds

what suggests the speech acoustic format?

the english names were shorter

why were the english names of digits remembered more than the welsh digits?

2

what you can hold on to in phonological storage is about how much you can say in __ seconds

tower of hanoi

what is a task that uses the visuospatial sketchpad

CPU

what part of the computer is the central executive

working memory model

STM and LTM functionality is quite seperate in which memory model?

nonwords

what do we use to examine new word learning

better

people who are better at remembering lists of digits are ___ at being able to repeat new words

phonological loop

long term learning is predicted by performance in the

episodic buffer

what is the new process involved in the revised working memory model