Chapter 4 - Tissues

Epithelial Tissue

cover/lining glands

→ acts as barrier function = controls what goes IN/OUT

exocrine

secrete products through ducts

endocrine

no ducts releases hormones

1. cell polarity (apical/basal surfaces)

2. cell junctions (cell come together and form sheets)

3. avascular (no blood vessels)

4. attachment (proteins bind to basal lamina)

5. regeneration (regularly shed = new growth)

5 functions of epithelial tissue

2 neighboring cells membranes come close together and connect

“to keep things out”

→ not strong but brings close

protein - zonula occludins

tight/occluding junction

brings together neighboring cells not as tight but strong

BIND TO ACTIN

protein - cadherin

e-cadherin (can grab other cells making epithelia)

strong/adheren junction

acts as tiny protein tunnels between 2 epithieal cells

allows for the transport of ions, H20, molecules from 1 cytoplasm to the other

protein - connexons

gap jucntions

connect to intermediate filaments

→ act as localized spot weld between 2 epithelial cells tieing them down together

protein - CAMS

(cell adhesion molecules)

spot desmosomes

attached to the basal lamina

protein - intergin

hemidesmosomes

simple - flat

cuboidal - cubes

columnar - column like

what are the shape of epithial tissue?

simple - 1 layer

stratified - 2 layers

what are the layers called of epithiela?

to absorbed, secrete, and diffused → let things pass through

what is the MAIN purpose of simple layer?

protection, prevent friction, and act as barrier

what is the MAIN purpose of stratified layer?

mesothelium

lines body cavities

endothelium

lines heart and blood vessels

allows for diffusion and absorptions

lining of the heart

simple squamous epithelium location/ function

protects against physical attacks

• has keratin adds strength and water resistance

lining of the mouth

stratified squamous epithelium location/ function

• has keratin top layer

• top cells are dead

• tougher and prevents h20 loss

what do we mean when stratified squamous is keratinized?

• no keratin layer

• cell ALIVE

• stays moist

what do we mean when stratified squamous is non- keratinized?

secretion and absorption

lining of kidney tubules

simple cuboidal epithelium location/ function

protection, absorption, secretion

lining of some ducts (rare) → mammary/sweat ducts

stratified cuboidal epithelium location/ function

protection, absorption, secretion

lining stomach, gallbladder

simple columnar epithelium location/ function

protection, secretions

• has cilia movement

lining of nasal cavity

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium location/ function

protection

small areas of pharynx

stratified columnar epithelium location/ function

allows for stretching and recoiling W/O damage

lining of urinary tract

transitional epithelium location/ function

1. Merocrine

2. Apocrine

3. Holocrine

What are the 3 types of exocrine secretions?

Merocrine

releases products cell remains in tact

sweat and salivary glands

where do we see merocrine at?

product releases and top of cell breaks off

apocrine

mammary glands

Where do we see apocrine?

“whole” cell breaks apart to release product

holocrine

sebaceous glands

where do we see holocrine at?

SIMPLE glands

what kind of glands are these called?

simple tubular

what gland is this called?

simple coiled tubular

what gland is this called?

simple branched tubular

what gland is this called?

simple alveolar (acinar)

“round”

what gland is this called?

simple branched alveolar (acinar)

“round”

what gland is this called?

COMPOUND glands

what kind of glands are these called?

compound tubular

what gland is this called?

compound alveolar (acinar)

“round”

what gland is this called?

compound tubulaveolar

what gland is this called?

Connective Tissue

This includes:

• Bone

• cartilage

• fibrous connective tissue

• adipose tissue

• blood

What tissue is this?

Fibrous Connective Tissue

This is under general connective tissue

It forms tendons (M to B), ligaments (B to B), and dermis

supportive connective tissue

This Connective tissue includes:

• Bone

• Cartilage

• Blood

• connects epithelium to rest of the body (basal lamina)

• provide structure (bone)

• stores energy (fat)

• transports materials (blood)

• have NO contact with environment

What are the functions of general connective tissue?

loose, dense

general connective tissue an be ______ or ________. This is determines on how many # of fibers run through it

1. areolar

2. adipose

3. reticular

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?

areolar

has collagen, elastic, recticular fibers

wraps/cushions organs, binds to tissues and holds tissue fluids

adipose

deep to the skin (buttocks/breasts)

provides padding, stores energy, serves as insulted function..

reticular

liver, kidney, spleen

provides support for framework

1. Dense regular

2. Dense irregular

3. Elastic

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissues?

dense regular

fibers run in the same directions = lots of strength

provides firm attachment, conduct pull of muscle, reduces friction between muscle

dense irregular

provides strength to our skin (dermis) → many different directions

helps prevent over expansion in organs, provides strength to resist forces applied from many direction

Elastic

stretches and recoils

cushion shocks, stabilizes positions of vertebrae

between vertebrate of spinal column

bone and cartilage

What makes up of the special “supportive” connective tissue?

bone

osteon - functional unit of compact bone

has blood vessels = heals quickly

cartilage

“chondro”

has NO blood vessels to heal

1. Hyaline

2. Elastic

3. Fibrocartilage

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

hyaline

secrete brown (tough, supportive tissue, hard but not as hard as bone)

• prevents bone on bone grinding

provides stiff yet somewhat flexible support

covers ends of long bones

elastic

flexible

supports and allows distortion w/o damage and return to OG shape

ears, nose

fibrouscartilage

lots of collagen fibers → strongest

resist compressions, prevents B to B contact

found in areas with lot of pressure

~ pads within knee joints

blood and lymph

to be a transport for your body (nutrients, antibodies, etc..)

Fluid connective tissue involves what and what is the function?

1. Mucous

2. Serous

3. Cutaneous

4. Synovial

What are the 4 types of membranes?

epithelia and connective tissue

what does membranes make up?

mucous

produces mucous

→ traps particles/pathogens

serous

produces fluid transudate

→ reduces friction as organs move against one another

cutaneous

skin

→ papillary layer: areolar

→ reticular layer: dense irregular

protection

external covering

synovial

secrete fluid that wraps around joints

• allows for movement

• prevents B to B grinding

Muscle Tissue

What tissue is known for contraction and produces all body movement?

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

What are the 3 types of muscle?

Skeletal

voluntary

• large muscle responsible for movement

striated

→ long and mutil-nucleated

→ combined with CT and neural tissue

~moves/stabilizes position of skeleton

cardiac

involuntary [controlled at a level of reflexes]

• only found in the heart

striated, short branched

→ single nucleus

→ interconnected intercalated disc [gap junctions]

~circulate blood and maintains BP

smooth

involuntary

• found in many parts of body’s wall

non striated

→ small, spindle cell shaped

→ 1 nucleus

~move food, urine, reproductive tract secretion, regulate diameter of blood vessels

Neural tissue

What tissue:

• conducts electric impulses

• rapidly sense internal/external environment

• processes info and controls response

1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia (Glial Cells)

What are the 2 cells of neural tissue?

neurons

• nerve cells

• perform electrical communication

Neuroglia (Glial Cells)

• supporting cells

• repair/supply nutrients to neurons

homeostasis

Tissues respond to injuries to maintain ________

1. inflammation

2. regeneration

What are the 2 processes that cells restore homeostasis?

inflammation

inflammatory response

• the tissue’s first response to injury

swelling

redness

heat

pain

signs/symptoms of inflammatory response

trauma (physical injury)

infection (the presence of harmful pathogens)

inflammatory response can be triggered by what?

Healing (regeneration)

When the injury or infection is cleaned up what begins?

1. slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism)

2. hormonal alterations

3. reduced physical activity

Speed and efficiency of tissue repair DECREASES with age because:

• thinning epithelia & CT

• increased bruising and bone brittleness

• joint pain and broken bones

• muscle atrophy (thinning)

• cardiovascular disease

• mental deterioration

What are some chemical/structural tissue changes?