BIOL2302- Chapter 10: Renal System

Kidneys are ____ organs

Hemostatic

The excretory systems has

Paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, single urethra

Oxidative deanimation occurs in the

Liver

NH3 converts to ____, because its

Urea , too toxic

What is deamination

When a nitrogen is removed in a form of ammonia (NH3)

TRUE or FALSE: ammonia highly toxic

TRUE

In humans, the ammonia converts into

Urea

Fishes excrete NH3 as waste. This is called

Ammonotelic

Urea (NH2) is washed out as

Urine

Where does the ornithine cycle/ urea cycle occur

the urea cycle occurs in the liver

Uric acid is

Crystalline, insoluble, least toxic

The purines (adenine, guanine) coverts into

Uric acid

Uric acid accumulation in joints causes

Gout(painful)

Uricotelic animals include

Birds and reptiles

Creatine

Non-cyclic, made up of amino acids(glycine+arginine)

True or False:Creatine Phosphate is in the muscle

TRUE

When the muscles ___ , ATP is used and creatinine phosphates turns back into creatine

Contract

Degradation of creatine and creatine phosphate creates

Creatinine

List the types of nitrogenous waste in the body

Urea, creatine, Uric acid, creatinine

Creatinine is used to

Evaluate renal function and calculate glomerular filtration rate(GFR)

High creatinine may indicate

Renal disease

Creatinine is freely filtered and not _____.

Reabsorbed

Insulin(polysaccharide)is used for

GFR estimation

Non protein nitrogen’s include

Urea, creatinine, Uric acid, creatine

What is a unit of a kidney

Nephrons

What does the body filtrate

K+, H+, Cl,PO4³, SO4³, antibodies(not reabsorbed)

During filtration the blood absorbs

Na2, HCO3, Ca2

Too much calcium phosphate may lead to

Rena Calculi-kidney stones

Too much oxalates can lead to

Crystalluria

To reduce oxalates

Alkalizer is given

Renal colic

Painful, acute

The ureter is ___cm long

26 (almost a foot)

Lithotripsy

Laser or ultrasound that pulverizes( breaks) the kidney stones

Ureteral catheter drains the urine out of the kidneys so that they wont ____

Swell (cause hydronephros)

Renal failure can lead to buildup of ___ in the blood

Urea (lead to uremia)

Intravenous Pyelography

An x-ray done to to find out which kidney has failed

Dialysis is used to

Filters out the urea in the body

Ptosis in kidneys

the kidney has dropped(lead to hydronephros)

Renal aplasia, dysplasia

No kidneys or there is a problem with the kidneys

Aldosterone

Na2+ retention

Anti Diuretic hormone

H2O reabsorption

Aquaporins I and 2 are on the ___ side

Apical

Aquaporin 3 is on the ___ side

Basolateral

Diabetes insipidus

No ADH, urine is dilute

The kidneys play a role in maintaining ___pH

Blood

Collecting tubules contain

Intercalated cells

Type A Intercalated cells

Excretes H+, retains HCO3-

Type B Intercalated cells

Excrete HCO3-, retains H+

Acidosis

Too much H+ not enough bicarbonate, ketosis in diabetes mellitus type 1, ketone bodies

Alkalosis

Too much bicarbonate, retain H+

Kidneys produce ____ for RBC production

Erythropoietin (hemopoietin)

Hypoxia

Low O2 in tissues

Hypoxemia

Low O2 in blood

1.25-Di-OH-cholcalciferol (active vit. D3) is in the

Kidneys

Vitamin D3 helps with

Ca+ absorption in intestine

Gluconeogensis in the kidneys and liver coverts

Proteins into carbohydrates during starvation

The kidneys are located in the ___ region at

T12-L3

List the layers of the kidney in order (from outermost to inner)

Pararenal fat, renal fascia, Perirenal fat, Innermost fibrous capsule

The kidneys uses about ____%of cardiac output

20-25

Every __ minutes the kidneys filter the blood

4

90% of blood is filtrated in the

Cortex

True or False: Kidneys have an autonomic nerve supply with sympathetic, parasympathetic and pain fibers.

TRUE

Where is the cortex located in the kidney

The outer part

The cortex contains which parts of a nephrons

Glomerulus, Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

The medulla of the kidney contains which parts of the nephron

Collection tubule, Collection duct and loop of Henle

The order of blood supply in the kidney( arteries)

Abdominal aorta, renal artery, segmental artery,interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arterioles, efferent arterioles, peritubular, plexus, vasa recta

The order of blood supply in the kidney( arteries)

Cortical. Radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava, right atrium

The kidney contains _million nephrons

1

True or False? The efferent arteriole is wider than the afferent arteriole.

FALSE. The efferent arteriole is more narrow

The nephron loop contains (in order)

Bowman’s capsule Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of lOH, Loop of Henle, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule collecting ducts

The descending limp of LOH is permeable to

H2O

The ascending limb of LOH is permeable to

Na2+

The peritubluar plexus contains the

Proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule and the collecting tubule

_% of nephrons are Cortical nephrons

85

_% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons

15

Characteristics of Cortical Nephrons

Normally used, Short hoop of Henle, produces urine 4x more concentrated than plasma

characteristics of juxamedullary nephrons

used in stressful s , long loop of Henle, urine is 8-12x more concentrated than plasma, for water conservation

Proximal convoluted tubules contains ___cells and ___(brush border enzyme)

Cubodial: microrvilli (reabsorption of substances)

Distal convoluted tubule contains cuboidal cells but have NO _____ (secretory not absorptive)

microvilli

What is the thick segment of the loop of Henle

Ascending limb

Ascending limb is ____permeable

Sodium

DCT contains what kind of cells

Intercalated cells A&B and principal cells

Principal cells reabsorb

Sodium under the aldosterone effect

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Macular densa, juxtaglomerular/Granular cells: secrete renin

Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor for maintaining

GFR

How many nephrons do we have

1 million

How long is a nephron

3.5cm

The afferent makes the ____ bed

Capillary

The efferent comes out and makes the

Peritubular plexus

The descending limb is permeable to

Water

The ascending limb is permeable to

Sodium

Most reasborbed subsyances will be in the

Peritubular plexus(PCT,DCT,CT)

Where is the loop of Henle, collecting ducts and collecting tubules located in the kidney

Medulla

Interstium tissue(in between the organ) has an ____ gradient

Osmotic

Macula densa are cells of

DCT

Macula densa detects concentration of

Glomerular filtrate

If filtrate has high concentration NaCl then macula densa secretes

Adenosine

Adenosine causes the smooth muscles of afferent arterioles to contract which causes

Vasoconstriction, and GFR to fall

If the glomerular filtrate is too dilute in NaCl

Macula densa cells secrete prostaglandin

Prostaglandin causes vasodilation of afferent arteriole which causes the GFR to

Increase