LAP 4 Anatamical Kinesiology

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

What are 4 functions of the vertebral column?

Protects the spinal cord, supports body weight, allows movement, and absorbs shock.

How do C1 and C2 differ from typical vertebrae?

C1 lacks a body and spinous process. C2 has a dens process and bifid spinous process.

How are intervertebral disc joints classified?

Cartilaginous symphyses; functionally amphiarthrotic.

What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid?

Bilateral: cervical flexion. Ipsilateral: lateral flexion. Contralateral: rotation.

What are the actions of the transversospinalis muscles?

Semispinalis: extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.

Multifidus: trunk extension, ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation.

Rotatores: contralateral rotation.

What are the main actions of the abdominal muscles?

Rectus abdominis: trunk flexion.

External oblique: contralateral rotation.

Internal oblique: ipsilateral rotation.

Transverse abdominis: stabilization.

Which 3 bones fuse to form each coxal bone?

Ilium (largest and superior), ischium (posterior), and pubis (smallest and anterior).

How is the hip joint classified?

Synovial ball-and-socket; functionally diarthrotic and triaxial.

What do the 3 major hip ligaments limit?

Iliofemoral: hyperextension.

Pubofemoral: excessive extension and abduction.

Ischiofemoral: medial rotation.

Which structures are listed in the skeletal introduction?

Ribs, sternum, vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx.

What are the common bony landmarks of vertebrae?

Body, vertebral foramen, spinous and transverse processes, and superior/inferior articular processes and facets.

What distinguishes C1, the atlas?

It has no body or spinous process; it has a facet for the dens.

What distinguishes C2, the axis?

It has a dens process and a bifid spinous process.

What distinguishes C3–C7 vertebrae?

They have transverse foramina and bifid spinous processes.

What distinguishes thoracic vertebrae?

Costal facets or hemifacets; spinous processes mainly point inferiorly.

What distinguishes lumbar vertebrae?

They have the largest vertebral bodies and spinous processes that mainly point posteriorly.

What articulates at an intervertebral disc joint?

Adjacent superior and inferior vertebral bodies.

How are intervertebral disc joints classified structurally and functionally?

Cartilaginous symphyses; amphiarthrotic (slightly movable).

How are intervertebral facet joints classified?

Synovial gliding joints; functionally diarthrotic and uniaxial, according to the notes.

How are costovertebral facet joints classified?

Synovial gliding joints; functionally diarthrotic and uniaxial, according to the notes.

How do the vertebral facet joints articulate?

The superior facets of the vertebra below meet the inferior facets of the vertebra above (C2–L5).

How does the head of a rib articulate with thoracic vertebrae?

With superior and inferior costal facets on vertebral bodies.

Where does a rib tubercle articulate?

With the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebra.

Which landmarks are found on C1, the atlas?

Vertebral foramen, transverse process and foramen, superior/inferior articular processes and facets, and facet for dens.

Which landmarks are found on C2, the axis?

Vertebral foramen, transverse process and foramen, spinous process, superior/inferior articular processes and facets, and dens.

What landmarks identify a typical cervical vertebra?

Body, vertebral canal, transverse process, spinous process, transverse foramen, and superior/inferior articular processes and facets.

What does the ligamentum flavum prevent, according to the notes?

Excessive extension.

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament prevent, according to the notes?

Excessive flexion.

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

Excessive extension.

What do the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments prevent?

Excessive vertebral flexion.

What movements occur at the cervical spine?

Flexion, extension, right/left lateral flexion, and right/left rotation.

What movements occur at the thoracic spine?

Right/left trunk lateral flexion and slight rotation.

What movements occur at the lumbar spine, according to the notes?

Trunk flexion, extension, and right/left rotation.

How do intervertebral disc and facet joints work together?

Disc joints determine the amount of movement; facet joints guide that movement.

Where is the sternocleidomastoid located?

A long, superficial muscle on the anterior and lateral neck.

What are the actions of the scalene muscles?

Bilateral cervical flexion; ipsilateral lateral flexion; assist ribcage elevation during ventilation.

What are the three scalene muscles?

Anterior scalene

middle scalene

posterior scalene.

Where are the splenius capitis and cervicis located?

Short, deep muscles on the posterior neck.

What are the actions of splenius capitis and cervicis?

Bilateral cervical extension; ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation.

How do vertebral column muscles create movement?

Each moves the vertebrae it attaches to; together, they can move the vertebral column over a larger region.

How are the three transversospinalis muscles ordered superficially to deeply?

Semispinalis (longest and most superficial), multifidus, rotatores (shortest and deepest).

What are the actions of semispinalis?

Bilateral cervical/trunk extension; ipsilateral cervical lateral flexion; contralateral cervical rotation.

Where is multifidus located relative to semispinalis?

Deep to semispinalis.

What are the actions of multifidus?

Bilateral trunk extension; ipsilateral trunk lateral flexion; contralateral trunk rotation.

What is the main action of rotatores?

Contralateral vertebral column rotation.

Where is quadratus lumborum located?

A deep trunk muscle in the posterolateral region.

What are the actions of quadratus lumborum?

Ipsilateral trunk lateral flexion and pelvic elevation; bilateral trunk flexion.

What are the actions of rectus abdominis listed in the notes?

Bilateral trunk flexion and ipsilateral trunk lateral flexion.

What is the linea alba?

The structure separating the right and left sides of rectus abdominis.

What are the functions of rectus abdominis beyond movement?

Supports the anterior lumbar spine, compresses the abdomen, and assists ventilation when the trunk is stabilized.

Where are the external obliques, and which way do their fibers run?

Superficial on both anterolateral sides of the abdomen; fibers descend medially, forming a V.

What are the actions and other functions of external oblique?

Bilateral trunk flexion; contralateral trunk rotation; abdominal compression and forceful exhalation.

Where are the internal obliques, and which way do their fibers run?

Deep to external oblique; fibers ascend medially, forming an inverted V.

What are the actions and other functions of internal oblique?

Bilateral trunk flexion; ipsilateral trunk rotation; abdominal compression and forceful exhalation.

Where is transverse abdominis located, and how are its fibers oriented?

Deep to internal oblique; flat muscle with horizontal fibers.

What are the functions of transverse abdominis?

Stabilizes the trunk, maintains internal abdominal pressure, supports the anterior lumbar spine, and compresses the abdomen; it does not move the trunk.

When is transverse abdominis compression especially useful?

Coughing, sneezing, laughing, and heavy lifting.

What forms the pelvic girdle's three joints?

The pubic symphysis and two sacroiliac joints.

What bones form the pelvic spine, and what does it do?

The sacrum and coccyx; they transmit head, torso, and upper-limb weight to the pelvic girdle.

What are the three names for the pelvic bones?

Coxal bones, innominate bones, or hip bones.

What are the three fused bones of each coxal bone?

Ilium (largest and most superior), ischium (most posterior), and pubis (smallest and most anterior).

What are four functions of the pelvic girdle?

Resists forces

Provides muscle attachments

Transfers weight between the axial and lower appendicular skeletons

protects/supports pelvic and abdominal organs.

What is intrapelvic motion?

Movement within the pelvis, occurring at the sacroiliac joints or pubic symphysis.

How can the pelvis move relative to another body part?

The entire pelvis can move as one unit; movement often involves the pelvic girdle and hip joints.

How is the pubic symphysis classified?

Cartilaginous symphysis; functionally amphiarthrotic.

What is the pubic symphysis, and what reinforces it?

A cartilaginous pad joining the right and left pubic bones; ligaments strengthen it and limit movement.

Which bones form the hip joint?

The acetabulum of the coxal bone and the head of the femur.

What are alternative names for the hip joint?

Femoroacetabular, acetabular femoral, and coxofemoral joint.

How is the hip joint classified?

Synovial ball-and-socket; diarthrotic and triaxial.

What are the main functions and stability features of the hip joint?

It is highly movable, bears weight, supports movement, and is more stable than the glenohumeral joint.

What reinforces the hip joint?

An extremely strong, dense ligamentous capsule.

What is another name for the iliofemoral ligament, and what does it do?

Y ligament; provides anterior/superior support and prevents hip hyperextension.

Where does the pubofemoral ligament provide support, and what does it limit?

Anteromedial and inferior support; limits excessive hip extension and abduction.

What is the shape, location, and action of the ischiofemoral ligament?

Triangular; provides posterior/superior support and limits medial rotation.

What does the transverse acetabular ligament do?

Acts as a tension band across the inferior acetabulum and prevents inferior displacement of the femoral head.

Where does the ligament of the head of the femur attach?

From deep in the acetabulum to the fovea capitis on the femoral head.

What movement does the ligament of the head of the femur minimally limit?

Adduction.