"Crossing the Waves" (93-97)

Is it known when our prehistoric ancestors first created vessels capable of crossing oceans?

No

How do we know that various civilizations used sails in prehistoric times?

Images of sailing craft thatexist on pottery and frescoes

Where was the oldest known image of sailing craft found?

Kuwait

When was the earliest depiction of sailing craft dated to?

6th millennium BCE

The earliest image of sailing craft predates what other technological advancement?

The invention of the wheel

Cultures from where are noted for likely to have made widespread use of the sail earliest?

Mediterranean and Southeast Asia

Is it possible that people crossed seas without sails?

yes

What type of water craft did Columbus encounter at the end of the 15th century? Where?

Dugout canoes; In the Caribbean

What did COlumbus note about the dugout canoes he encountered in the Caribbean?

Some of them could hold 90 men and be paddled at up to 6 knots an hour

Columbus’s numbers about the dugout canoes in the Caribbean may over or underestimate their capabilities

Overestimate

A marble carving depicting a sailing vessel in the resource guide is dated to when?

200 CE

The 1606 canoe was paddled by how many people?

40-50 islanders

What was the 1606 canoe doing?

Going out to trade with an English ship

What type of evidence has made it clear that “the sea was an artery" that linked prehistoric communities together between islands and continents?”

Archeological evidence

Archeological evidence shows us that the sea is what?

“an artery that linked prehistoric communities together between islands and continents”

The dugout canoe could make journeys to where?> How far is that?

To the Caribbean islands from South America; A distance of 150 km (around 93 miles)

150 km is how many miles

Around 93 miles

By when had crossing oceans become commonplace in Europe?

Mid-15th century

The Age of the Sail encompassed what years?

1450s-1850s

Why was the Age of Sail called as such?

Because EUropean nations’ widespread ability to traverse the seas powered solely by wind

The age of the sail is called as such in the _________ world

Western

When did Columbus’ voyages start?

1492

How many more transatlantic journeys occured between 1492 and the next 400 years?

Thosandsmore

When was the Mayflower’s voyage?

1620

How long did the Mayflower’s journey take>?

66 days

In what century did the racing of clipper ships begin across the seas?>

19th century

Clipper ships are notable for what?

Being fast ad used for racing across seas

How long did it take to cross the atlantic in the first half of the 19th century?

Almost 5 weeks

Who composed “Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage” for chorus and orchestra?

Ludwig van Beethoven

When was “Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage” composed?

1815q

What two composers sought inspiration from Goethe’s poetry for composing works depicting sea voyages?

Ludwig van Beethoven and Felix Mendelssohn

What poems inspired both Beethoven and Felix Mendelssohn?

Gluckliche Fahrt and Meeresstille

What does Meeresstille translate to?

Calm Sea

What does Gluckliche Fahrt translate to?

Prosperous Voyage

When was Gluckliche Fahrt made?

1795

When was Meeresstille made?

1795

The poems that Beethoven and Felix Mendelssohn were inspired by were made when?

1795

Beethoven’s version of Meeresstille und Gluckliche Fahrt was orchestrated how?

For chorus and orchestra

Beethoven's Meeresstille und Gluckliche Fahrt was his opus # what?

12

Felix Mendelssohn’s Meeresstille und Gluckliche Fahrt was orchestrated how?

For orchestra alone

Felix Mendelssohn’s Meeresstille und Gluckliche Fahrt premiered when?

1828

Who compsoed Night Voyage?

Christopher Gunning

When was Night VOyage composed?

2012

Who painted a portrait of RObert Fulton?

Benjamin West

Felix Mendelssohn’s Meeresstille undd GLuckliche Fahrt was a _________ setting

Programatic

Night Voyage was orchestrated how? What type of work is it?

For orchestra; programmatic

Christopher Gunning says he spent many years as the owner of what?

A small sailing yacht

Night Voyage is a ___ piece which was born on a _______ evening by the _______ River

Sea; Rainy; Mersey

Where is the Mersey River?

Liverpool

In his recollection of the evening Night Voyage was created what is to the west?

A patch of orange lighting up the darkening sky

When recalling the evening when Night VOyage was born, what animal is featured?

Seabirds

In his recollection of the evening Night Voyage was created what does gunning say the seabirds are doing?

Call mournfully

In his recollection of the evening night voyage was created, what was Gunning watching?

A large grey freighter slipping majestically out to sea

What question does Christopher Gunning write about the large grey freighter from the evening Night Voyage was born?

Where it was heading and what would befall it

What type of journey does the ship in Night Voyage take according to Christopher Gunning?

An imaginary one

What is felt in Night Voyage at first and then eventually?

Optimism of a new adventure, but then a violent storm

What happens after the storm subsides in the program for Night Voyage?

Land is sighted and “we” arrive safely at dawn, battred and bruised but intact— if chastened

At what time do “we” arrive on land In night voyage?

dawn

Who developed the first commercially successful steamboat?

Robert Fultn

What was she name of the first commercially successful steamboat?

The Clermont

When the first comemcially successful steamboat developed?

1807

During its trial run the Clermont traveled from where to where?

NYC and Albany

How long was the trial run of the Clermont? How long did it take to travel by sailing vessels instead?

32 hours; 4 days

What was the first boat to cross the Atlantic powered solely by steam?

Sirius

What was the first iron ship?

Sirius

When did the first fully steam powered ship cross the Atlantic?

1838

What did Sirius have to do in its final miles?

Burn terms from the ship since it ran out of coal for the boiler

What is the distance that the Clermont traveled between NYC and ALbany?

150 miles

A replica of the Clermont was photographed when?

1909

What records did Sirius set for speed?

6.7 knots per hour and 161 miles per day

How long was the trans-atlantic voyage Sirius took?

19 days

How long did Sirius hold the record for speed?

3.5 hours

What ship broke Sirius’s record?

Great Western

Both Sirius and Great Western landed where?

New York

How long was the Great Western’s transatlantic journey?

16 days

What was the speed of the Great Western?

8.75 knots per hour and 210 miles a day

What was the first ship to provide regular passenge service?

Great Western

How many travelers could the Great Western carry?

148 travelers

What does RMs stand for?

Royal Mail Ship

What type of ship is the Titanic?

A RMS (Royal mail ship)

The Titanic was the largest ship in the world in what year?

1912

How many people could the RMS Titanic carry?

3500 people

How many people on the RMS Titanic would be crew>

About 900

People preferred traveling by sea during what months?

Summer months

When was the Titanic’s first voyage? What did this time mean for the amount of people on board?

April 1912; It wasn’t full because people preferred summer months

How many total people were on board the Titanic on April 1912?

2223

How many passengers and how many crew members were on board the Titanic in April 1912?

1324 passengers and 899 crew members

Why do figures about the number of passengers vary between American and british sources?

Some tallie didn’t include non-crew, non passenger personnel like musicians

What was Titanic driven by?

Steam turbines

Titanic was expected to copmpelte its maiden voyage how fast?

6 days

The maiden voyage of the Titanic was supposed to be from where to where?

England to the US

British regulations mean that the Titanic couldn't carry lifeboats past what threshold?

They couldn't have had enough lifeboats to carry more than about half of the people on board

How many people survived the titanics sinking?

706

When was the Titanic sinking?

April 15, 1912

How many more people could have been saved had the lifeboats on the Titanic been full?

500

When was the Titanic rediscovered?

1985

Where was the last stop of the Titanic?

Ireland

When did the Titanic stop in ireland?

April 11, 1912

When did the Challenger Space shuttle explode?

1986

What parallel did Yeston see between the Challenger explosion and the Titanic wreckage?

In both cases “we still hadn’t learned not to put our unparalleled, unqualified faith in the perfection and infallibility of technology