Globalization and Interdependency

Test 2

A politically organized area with its own government

The state

Cold war

U.S. and the Soviet Union wanted influence and power

How has globalization affected sovereignty?

From absolute, exclusive territorial control to a layered, interdependent, and negotiated reality

Sovereignty

a country’s supreme right and power to govern itself, make its own laws, and control its borders without outside interference

Principles of idealism

Cooperation, shared values, and international law should guide global relations, aiming for peace, justice, and sustainable development rather than power politics

Principles of realism

views globalization as a stage for power struggles among sovereign states, emphasizing self-interest, national security, and the enduring importance of state power

Is idealism or realism more prominent?

Both

NATO

crucial for ensuring collective defense, political stability, and security cooperation among its 32 member countries in Europe and North America.

Warsaw Pact

was a key military and political alliance that allowed the Soviet Union to consolidate control over Eastern Europe and counterbalance NATO during the Cold War.

Hugo Grotius

Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) was a Dutch jurist, diplomat, theologian, and humanist best known for his 1625 work De Jure Belli ac Pacis, which earned him recognition as the “father of international law.”

The Kellog- Briand pact

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory nations renounced war as a tool of national policy and committed to resolving disputes peacefully.

Complex interdependence

describing a world where states are linked through multiple channels, no single issue dominates, and military force becomes less effective.

European union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of 27 European countries that cooperate on shared policies in areas such as trade, security, environment, and citizens’ rights

UN

The UN (United Nations) is an international organization founded in 1945, made up of 193 member states, created to maintain peace, protect human rights, deliver humanitarian aid, support sustainable development, and uphold international law.

General Assembly

The General Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the United Nations, comprising all 193 member states, each with one vote, and established in 1945 under the UN Charter.

Security Council

Responsible for maintaining international peace and security, including investigating disputes, imposing sanctions, authorizing military action, and deploying peacekeeping missions. It has 15 members, including 5 permanent members with veto power, and its decisions are binding on all UN member states.

Who are the 5 permanent members of the security members

US, Russia, China, France, UK

ECOSOC

ECOSOC is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, responsible for coordinating global economic, social, and sustainable development efforts.

UNESCO

stands for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization — a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication to foster peace and equality worldwide

UNICEF

(United Nations Children's Fund) is a global agency of the United Nations that provides humanitarian and developmental aid to children and mothers worldwide

WHO

World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for international public health. [1]

Ineternational Court of Justice

AI Overview

The International Court of Justice (ICJ)—colloquially known as the World Court—is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN)

International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court (ICC) is a permanent, independent intergovernmental tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands, that prosecutes individuals for the world's most serious atrocity crimes. [1, 2]

Antonio Guteres

Overview

António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who, since 2017, has served as the ninth secretary-general of the United Nations. A member of the Portuguese Socialist Party, Guterres served as the prime minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002

Weapons of Mass Destruction

a nuclear, chemical, biological, radiological, or high-explosive device capable of killing or harming large numbers of people, or causing massive damage to structures and the environment

Biological warfare

the intentional use of living microorganisms, replicating entities (such as viruses), or biological toxins (poisons produced by living organisms) to kill, harm, or incapacitate humans, animals, or plants as an act of war or terrorism

Chemical warfare

uses toxic chemical substances to kill, injure, or incapacitate military personnel or civilians, or to make an environment unsafe for operations

Nuclear warfare

a military conflict or strategic confrontation that uses nuclear weapons as instruments of destruction

MAD

Mutual/Multi-Alignment Dependence (or an economic equivalent of Mutually Assured Destruction), describing a global system where nations are so deeply intertwined through trade, technology, energy, and supply chains that unilateral economic disruption inflicts severe damage on the aggressor as well

Manhattan Project

a top-secret World War II research and development program led by the United States—with support from the United Kingdom and Canada—to build the world’s first atomic weapons before Nazi Germany

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

The United States dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, 1945, during World War II

Fusion, fission

Nuclear fission splits heavy atoms like uranium into smaller pieces, while nuclear fusion combines light atoms like hydrogen into heavier ones like helium

Nuclear club

U.S., Soviet Union (Russia), Great Britain, France, China

IAEA

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the world’s central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the nuclear field

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (1996)

AI Overview

agreement that bans all nuclear explosions

Dirty bomb

A dirty bomb—officially called a radiological dispersal device (RDD)—is a weapon that combines conventional explosives, such as dynamite, with radioactive material

Who were the people who didn’t sign the NPT

India, Pakistan, Israel, and South Sudan

Why do countries want to get their hands on nuclear weapons?

national security, regional deterrence, and geopolitical prestige

How can we stop countries from developing nuclear weapons

relies on a multi-layered global architecture combining international law, technical safeguards, economic pressure, export controls, and security assurances

Terrosrism

the unlawful use of force or violence against persons, property, or civilian populations to instill fear, intimidate, or coerce governments or societies in pursuit of political, religious, or ideological objectives

What are the goals of a terrosit?

to coerce, intimidate, and force structural changes in a government or society by using violence against civilians to induce widespread fear

How do terrorists finance their operations?

state sponsorship, criminal enterprises, legal businesses, and grassroots support

What are some of the factors leading to terrorism?

political, social, psychological, and environmental factors

What did Eleanor Roosevelt do?

Eleanor Roosevelt played a foundational role in shaping the modern era of globalization, though in her time her work was framed through the lenses of liberal internationalism, multilateral diplomacy, and universal human rights

Anarchic System of States

An anarchic states-system refers to an international order without any central authority above sovereign states, meaning states operate in a self-help environment focused on survival and security.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years’ War and established principles of state sovereignty in Europe.

State

A state is a politically organized community with four essential elements—population, territory, government, and sovereignty—forming a permanent institutional structure that exercises authority over a defined area.

Nation

A nation is a community of people who share a collective identity—often based on common history, culture, language, religion, traditions, ancestry, or a sense of shared destiny

Nation- State

a sovereign state of which most of the citizens or subjects are united also by factors which define a nation, such as language or common descent

Nationalism

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations

Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy that places the freedom and rights of the individual at the center of political life, advocating for limited government, rule of law, and the protection of personal liberties

Woodrow Wilson

remembered for his domestic reforms, leadership during World War I, and the creation of the League of Nations

Principle of national self-determination

The idea that a people have the right to determine their own political status and to pursue their economic, social, and cultural development

League of Nations

The League of Nations was the first global intergovernmental organization established to maintain world peace and prevent future wars.

Balance of Power

refers to the distribution of political, economic, and military influence among states and other actors so that no single entity can dominate the global system, maintaining stability through counterbalancing strategies

Bipolarity

global system characterized by the presence of two superpowers with roughly equal military and economic capabilities

Cold War

The Cold War was a global geopolitical rivalry (1947–1991) between the United States–led Western Bloc and the Soviet Union–led Eastern Bloc, marked by ideological conflict, nuclear arms competition, proxy wars, and political tension without direct superpower combat.

What is the Cuban Missile Crisis

A 13‑day Cold War confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet nuclear missiles secretly installed in Cuba. It brought the world to the brink of nuclear war before ending through a negotiated agreement that removed Soviet missiles from Cuba and U.S. missiles from Turkey.

The Bay of Pigs

Was a failed U.S.-backed invasion of Cuba carried out by about 1,400 Cuban exiles at Bahía de Cochinos. Intended to overthrow Fidel Castro’s government.

Containment

A strategic foreign policy approach aimed at limiting the expansion of a perceived adversary’s influence, ideology, or capabilities, often in a globalized environment where power dynamics are interconnected

Detente

was a period of eased Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union from roughly 1967–1979

Proxy Wars

Proxy wars are conflicts where major powers support opposing sides in a third-party country without directly engaging in combat themselves.

Multipolarity

Multipolarity in globalization refers to a world order where three or more major powers share global influence, rather than one or two d

The demise of the nation-state

Many scholars argue that globalization, transnational flows, and new political challenges are eroding the nation-state’s dominance, though others contend it has transformed rather than vanished.

Intergovernmental Organization

An intergovernmental organization (IGO) is a formal entity created by a treaty between two or more countries to cooperate on shared interests and address global challenges.

Supranational entities

Supranational entities are organizations where member countries delegate some sovereignty to achieve collective goals, influencing policies beyond individual national authority.

International law

International law is the body of rules, norms, and standards governing relations between states and other international actors, covering areas such as diplomacy, human rights, trade, and conflict resolution.

5 permanent members of the Security Council

France, US, UK, China, and Russia

Secretariat

The UN Secretariat carries out the day‑to‑day administrative and substantive work of the United Nations, including implementing decisions of UN organs, providing research and background information, organizing conferences, managing peacekeeping operations, and supporting the Secretary‑General.

Magna Carta

The Magna Carta is a 1215 English charter in which King John agreed to limit royal power and uphold legal rights, establishing principles such as due process and the rule of law.

Natural Law

A philosophical and legal theory asserting that universal moral principles exist in human nature and can be discovered through reason, forming a basis for just laws

Natural rights

Natural rights are inherent, universal, and inalienable freedoms—such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—that individuals possess by virtue of being human, independent of any government.

US Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is a foundational U.S. document adopted on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress, formally announcing the 13 colonies’ separation from Great Britain and outlining principles such as “unalienable rights” including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Affirming universal rights such as liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

US Constitution

The U.S. Constitution is the foundational legal document of the United States, written in 1787 and ratified in 1788, establishing the structure of the federal government, defining its powers, and guaranteeing citizens’ rights.

Legal rights

Legal rights are claims recognized and protected by law, allowing individuals to own property, enter transactions, and require others to act or refrain from acting in certain ways, with remedies provided by the state.

Positive rights

Positive rights are rights that require others — often the government or society — to take active steps to provide goods, services, or opportunities, rather than simply refraining from interference

Negative rights

Negative rights are rights that require others—especially the state—to refrain from interfering with your actions, such as free speech, privacy, property, and freedom of religion. These rights impose a duty of non‑interference rather than a duty to provide goods or services.

Civil rights

Civil rights are guarantees of equal social opportunities and protection under the law, ensuring individuals are not discriminated against based on race, gender, religion, or other personal characteristics.

Political rights

Political rights are legal freedoms that allow individuals to participate in public affairs—most notably the rights to vote, run for office, express political opinions, assemble, and engage in political decision‑making, as recognized in many constitutions and international agreements such as the ICCPR Article 25.

Social rights

Social rights are human rights that guarantee access to essential needs such as health care, education, housing, food, social security, and work, ensuring dignity and social justice for all.

Economic rights

Economic rights are human rights guaranteeing access to essential material conditions—such as work, fair wages, food, housing, healthcare, education, and social security—primarily defined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966)

Universal human rights

Universal human rights are the inherent, inalienable rights and freedoms that every person possesses simply by being human, as defined in the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).

Inalienable

not subject to being taken away from or given away by the possessor

Inherent

existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute

Indivisible

unable to be divided or separated

UN Declaration of Human Rights 1948

establishing a common standard of fundamental human rights for all people.

Covenant on Political and Civil Rights 1966

The ICCPR is a key international treaty adopted in 1966 that obliges states to protect civil and political rights, forming a cornerstone of the International Bill of Human Rights.

Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 1966

Aims to protect and promote essential human rights such as work, education, health, social security, and an adequate standard of living, obligating states to progressively realize these rights without discrimination.

Covenant on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 1979

CEDAW is a 1979 United Nations treaty (GA Resolution 34/180) that defines and prohibits discrimination against women, consisting of a preamble and 30 articles, and entered into force on 3 September 1981.

Cylinder of Cyrus

embodies early concepts of tolerance, cultural diversity, and governance that resonate with modern global values

Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text of 282 laws, created around 1753 BC by King Hammurabi and inscribed on a basalt stele now housed in the Louvre Museum.

ISIS

a Salafi‑jihadist militant group that emerged from al‑Qaeda in Iraq and became notorious for seizing territory in Iraq and Syria, declaring a “caliphate” in 2014, and carrying out brutal terrorist attacks worldwide

Department of Homeland Security

The department of the US government responsible for protecting the United States and its territory from terrorism and large-scale disasters, and for responding to such events when they occur. It was established in 2002 in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

USA Patriot Act

The USA PATRIOT Act stands for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.”

Countries on the blacklist for terrorism

Syria removed: Which countries are still on the US ‘terror’ list – and why? The US decision leaves three nations – Cuba, Iran, and North Korea – on its ‘State Sponsors of Terrorism’ blacklist.

State Sponsors of terrorism according to US

As of August 24, 2026, the United States Department of State designates three countries — Cuba, Iran, and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) — as State Sponsors of Terrorism

(FARC)

FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia) was a Marxist–Leninist guerrilla group formed in 1964 as the armed wing of Colombia’s Communist Party, active until its 2016 peace agreement and demobilization.

White Supremacists: Ku Klux Klan, Aryan

Among the better-known white supremacist organizations are the Ku Klux Klan, the Aryan Nations and its offshoot the Order, the White Patriot Party, and the White American Resistance movement. These groups also are anti-Semitic, as they classify Jews as non-Caucasian.