M1 - THE CELL

turnover

cellular components are made up of biomolecules

biosynthesis and degradation (_________) of biomolecules happens inside the cell

biochemical reactions are taking place inside the various cellular components

earliest and most primitive forms of life on Earth

simple in structure

• unicellular organisms

• no recognizable organelles

• lacks a nucleus

nucleoid region

Prokaryotic Cell

DNA concentrated on the ________________ of the cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

cytosol

_____________

• area enclosed by the plasma membrane

• contained ___________, mainly composed of water, salts and proteins

Plasma membrane

lipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Plasma membrane

encloses the cytoplasm and the nucleoid region

Plasma membrane

controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

peptidoglycan

Prokaryotic Cell Wall

mainly composed of ____________________

Cell Wall

located underneath the capsule and surrounds the plasma membrane

Cell Wall

• maintains cell shape

• prevents mechanical injury

• prevents cell from bursting when it takes up water

Capsule

• present in some bacteria

• gelatinous polysaccharide which protects the cell from defense of higher organism

Capsule

• helps prokaryotes to cling to each other

• prevents cell from drying out

Pili

hair-like structures on the surface

Pili

• conduit for DNA during sexual conjugation

• used for attachment of cell

Flagellum

present in some bacteria

whip-like appendages used for locomotion

Eukaryotic Cell

This cell has more complex structures and intracellular processes

Eukaryotic Cell

structural features:

• with distinct membrane bound organelles

• commonly 1000x greater in volume than prokaryotes

• compartmentalization

Eukaryotic Cell

• __________________ – allows two incompatible reactions to occur in a single cell at the same time

Organelles

• cytosol

• specialized subunits within a eukaryotic cell

• have their own specific function(s)

• usually separately enclosed within its own membrane

• suspended in a thick intracellular fluid called the ____________

Organelles

Functions

• synthesis and degradation of biomolecules

• selective transport of biochemical substances

Organelles

• metabolism

• storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information

• lysosomes

• centrioles

• flagellum

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Animal Cell

• unique organelles:

  • _____________

  • _____________

  • _____________

• lysosomes

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Animal Cell

• unique organelles:

  • ________________

    • contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes aimed for intracellular digestion

centrioles

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Animal Cell

• unique organelles:

  • ________________

    • involved in the formation of spindle apparatus during cell division

• chloroplast

• central vacuole

• tonoplast

• cell wall

• plasmodesmata

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Plant Cell

• unique organelles:

  • ______________

  • ______________

  • ______________

  • ______________

  • ______________

chloroplast

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Plant Cell

• unique organelles:

  • ________________

    • site of photosynthesis

    • contains chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for harvesting light

central vacuole

tonoplast

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Plant Cell

• unique organelles:

  • ________________

    • reservoir for food, nutrients, ions, waste products and specialized materials such as pigments

    • surrounded by a semipermeable membrane called _____________

cell wall

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Plant Cell

• unique organelles:

  • ________________

    • cellulosic inert supporting structures surrounding plant cells for rigidity

plasmodesmata

Main Types of Eukaryotic Cell

• Plant Cell

• unique organelles:

  • ________________

    • channels that allow neighboring cells to exchange small molecules

Nucleus

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cell

_____________

• contains the genetic material of the cell

• site of DNA and RNA synthesis

Ribosome

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cell

________________

• site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic reticulum

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cell

_________________

• network of membrane channels connected to the nuclear pore

• processes and transports proteins and lipids from one site in the cell to another

• rough ER

• smooth ER

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

• __________ – contains ribosomes

• __________ – site of lipid synthesis

Golgi complex

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cell

_________________

• sorts and transports molecules for export into the plasma membrane or other cells

Peroxisomes

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cell

_______________

• contain oxidative enzymes aimed for intracellular digestion

• degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism.

Mitochondrion

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cell

_______________

• site for cellular respiration