Theories of Development

Flashcards covering key theories, theorists, and developmental tasks across the lifespan from Chapter 5 lecture notes.

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

A theory holding that conflict occurs when society provides mixed messages, causing the unconscious (id) to produce anxiety, which rises to the conscious (ego) and becomes evident through feelings and behavior.

Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

The five psychosexual stages of development defined by Freud: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital.

Psychodynamic Theory (Jung)

A developmental theory by Carl Jung, who studied with Freud but rejected sexuality as the basis of behavior development, introducing the personality orientations of Introvert and Extrovert.

Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)

A theory stating that personality development depends on the social environment and social interactions, with each stage requiring positive resolution of a social crisis or task.

Erikson's Stages of the Life Cycle

The eight psychosocial stages: Trust vs. mistrust, Autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Initiative vs. guilt, Industry vs. inferiority, Identity vs. role confusion, Intimacy vs. isolation, Generativity vs. self-absorption, and Integrity vs. despair.

Psychosocial Theory (Levinson)

A theory expanding on Erikson's work, stating that interactions among environment, culture, and the individual form the 'fabric of life' and that individuals enter an orderly sequence of life structures.

Cognitive Theory (Piaget)

A theory highlighting four cognitive milestones in learning to understand and relate logically to the world: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operations, and Formal operations.

Cognitive Theory (Loevinger)

A developmental model extending Piaget's work into adulthood, proposing that the ego adapts to demands and serves as an essential foundation for critical thinking.

Constructive Theory (Kegan)

A constructive developmental theory similar to Piaget's, focusing on lifelong environment interactions and the dual needs for inclusion in reciprocal relationships and maintaining independence.

Theory of Language and Culture (Vygotsky)

A theory asserting that social and cultural experiences are required for optimal growth, and that language is a major driving force in personality development.

Vygotsky's Language and Development Stages

The developmental age categories outlined in Vygotsky's framework: Infant, Toddler, Preschool (3 years old and 4 years old), and School age.

Social and Economic Influences (Bronfenbrenner)

A theory examining how combined social and economic factors (parents, siblings, teachers, babysitters, school, neighborhood, community, political community) cause children to be treated differently in different environments.

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)

A humanistic framework arranged from most to least basic: Physiological, Activity, Safety and Protection, Love and Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

Environmental Theory (Rogers)

A theory proposing that individuals naturally form a positive destiny based on self-concept when obstacles are removed, achieving self-actualization by realizing they can become like their ideal self.

Behaviorist Theory (Watson)

A foundational perspective pioneered by John B. Watson, the father of behaviorism, stating that environment and experiences mold personality.

Behaviorist Theory of Personality (Pavlov and Skinner)

A perspective asserting that personality and behavior are learned through classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Social-Learning Theories of Personality (Bandura and Mischel)

Theories holding that social learning forms the basis for personality development through exposure to and imitation of a behavior.

Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg)

A theory centered on moral reasoning and developing social rules to differentiate right from wrong, where moral behavior depends on perceiving and integrating these rules.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

The three sequential stages of moral reasoning: Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional.

Looking-Glass Self (Cooley and Mead)

A three-step self-image formulation process: imagining how we portray ourselves to others, imagining how others evaluate us, and combining these impressions into a self-concept.

Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Peck)

Three late-life tasks described by Peck: coping with retirement from work, adapting to normal age-related physiological decline, and facing the inevitability of death.

Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Havighurst)

Tasks of late adulthood focused on self-acceptance and maintaining meaning, including adjusting to declining health, decreased income, death of a spouse, changing peer social roles, and changing living arrangements.

Developmental Stages of Retirement (Atchley)

The five retirement phases in older adults identified by Atchley: Preretirement, Honeymoon, Disenchantment, Stability, and Terminal.