BIO328 Lecture 1

Behaviour is the way in which an ______ or ______ acts in response to a ______ or ______.

Behaviour is the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a situation or stimulus.

The range of ______ and ______ of individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in an environment.

The range of actions and mannerisms of individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in an environment.

Behaviour is the ______ coordinated responses (______ or ______) of whole living organisms (______ or groups) to ______ and/or ______ stimuli, ______ responses more easily understood as ______ changes.

Behaviour is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli, excluding responses more easily understood as developmental changes.

The point of animal behaviour is ______, ______, ______, ______ and ______ ______ and ______ and ______.

The point of animal behaviour is interest, health, security, zoo and agricultural welfare and conservation and wildlife.

Health is for ______ and ______ animals and ______-assisted ______

Health is for Service and guide animals and Animal-assisted therapies

Zoo and agricultural welfare is ______ security, ______ enrichment, ______ handling.

Zoo and agricultural welfare is food security, habitat enrichment, livestock handling.

Security is ______ through ______ tracking.

Security is detection through scent tracking.

Conservation and wildlife ______ ______ recovery, ______-wildlife ______.

Conservation and wildlife endangered species recovery, human-wildlife conflict.

Tinbergen’s four questions

Using Tinbergen’s four questions, explain using a bird singing.

• Why do birds sing? This is function (ultimate), the current utility of singing.

• How do birds sing? This is mechanism (proximate): the brain song-circuit nuclei (HVC, RA, etc.) connecting to the syrinx and respiratory system.

• When do birds sing? This is development (proximate). A wild chaffinch’s song differs from one reared in isolation, so song depends on early-life experience.

• What do birds sing? This is evolutionary history (ultimate): a phylogenetic tree showing where a song trait is present, absent or equivocal.

Hamilton’s classification of ______ interactions involves a ______ and a ______ and what matters is the effect on each one’s ______.

Hamilton’s classification of social interactions involves a donor and a recipient and what matters is the effect on each one’s fitness.

Altruism is when a donor ______ it’s own ______ and ______ others.

Altruism is when a donor decreases it’s own fitness and increases others.

Spite is when a donor and recipient both ______ each other’s fitness.

Spite is when a donor and recipient both decrease each other’s fitness.

Cooperation is when both donors and recipients both ______ each other’s ______.

Cooperation is when both donors and recipients both increase each other’s fitness.

Selfishness is when the donor ______ it’s own fitness and ______ the recipients.

Selfishness is when the donor increases it’s own fitness and lowers the recipients.

Direct selection is selection by ______ selection, individuals differ in ______ ______/genetic material ______ on. Ex. Think about a ______ who chooses a ______ because he is able to provide ______ and ______, which increases her survival and produced ______.

Direct selection is selection by natural selection, individuals differ in reproductive success/genetic material passed on. Ex. Think about a female who chooses a male because he is able to provide food and defend, which increases her survival and produced offsprings.

Direct fitness is the measure of genetic/______ ______ based on _ ______ that live to ______.

Direct fitness is the measure of genetic/reproductive success based on # offspring that live to reproduce.

Indirect/kin selection is when individuals ______ in the ______ of ______-______ relatives they help to ______. It means individuals who help ______* ______ and ______ increasing their indirect ______

Indirect/kin selection is when individuals differ in the number of non-descendent relatives they help to reproduce. It means individuals who help siblings* survive and reproduce increasing their indirect fitness

Inclusive fitness is the total ______ of an ______’s contribution of ______ material (______ or ______) to the next ______.

Inclusive fitness is the total measure of an individual’s contribution of genetic material (direct or indirect) to the next generation.

Group selection is a process that occurs when groups ______ in their collective ______ and these ______ affect group ______.

Group selection is a process that occurs when groups differ in their collective traits and these differences affect group survival.

Behavioural strategy is an ______ behaviour ______ competing with other ______ with the potential to affect individual ______. Example is helping close relatives, which ______ ______ fitness.

Behavioural strategy is an inherited behaviour pattern competing with other patterns with the potential to affect individual fitness. Example is helping close relatives, which reduces direct fitness.

Wynne-Edwards used ______ selection to explain animal ______ and ______.

Wynne-Edwards used group selection to explain animal behaviour and altruism.

Wynne-Edwards stated that self-sacrificing individuals ______ the group’s ______, so groups with ______ are ______ likely to survive than groups without, therefore ______ would favour traits that benefit the ______ over the ______.

Wynne-Edwards stated that self-sacrificing individuals increase the group’s survival, so groups with altruists are more likely to survive than groups without, therefore selection would favour traits that benefit the group over the individual.