CHEMISTRY 12 - Classification of elements, Atoms, Ions, and Subatomic Particles +

1ST SEM MID TERM || THIS IS FOR PART 1 OF THE EXAM/TEST (and also i didnt completely put the daltons atomic theory its js a shorter name?) Contains Classification of elements, Atoms, Ions, and Subatomic Particles, Isotopes (eg. Hydrogen), Laws of Matter and Dalton's Atomic Theory, and the Prefixes of naming Covalent Compounds

Metals

They are shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and malleable. These are the elements found on the left to the middle side of the table

Nonmetals

Poor conductors and can be gases or brittle solids and are found on the right side of the table

Metalloids

They have properties of both metals and nonmetals and act as semiconductor. It is a zigzag line between the metals and nonmetals

B Si Ge As Sb Te Po At

All the 8 metalloids (list in symbol)

Proton

a tiny subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge that lives in the center, or nucleus, of an atom. This also indicates the atomic number of the element

Neutron

a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has no electric charge and a mass slightly greater than a proton

Electron

a tiny, negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the center, or nucleus, of an atom

Ion

an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge because it has an unequal number of protons and electrons

Anion

a kind of ion made when one or more electrons are gained

Cation

a kind of ion made when one or more electrons are lost

Mass number

is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom which is denoted by A

Atomic number

the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom which is denoted by Z

Se C H O N Cl Br I F P S He Ne Ar Xe Kr Rn

All the 17 nonmetal elements (list in symbol)

Isotopes

are variants of a chemical element that share the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons

Protium

the most common and stable isotope of the element hydrogen with 0 neutrons

Deuterium

is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron in its nucleus

Tritium

is a rare, radioactive isotope of hydrogen with one proton and two neutrons

Law of Conservation of Mass

It is a law of matter that states mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction

Law of Definite Proportions

It is a law of matter that states a chemical compound always contains the exact same elements in the same proportion by mass, regardless of the sample size

Law of Multiple Proportions

It is a law of matter that states, when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in simple, whole-number ratios

All matter is made of atoms

It is a postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that states, tiny, indivisible, and indestructible particles are the fundamental building blocks of all matter

Identical properties

It is a postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that states all atoms of a given element are identical in mass, size, and chemical properties

Distinct elements

It is a postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that states atoms of different elements have different masses, sizes, and properties

Whole-number ratios

It is a postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that states compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in fixed, simple whole-number ratios

Rearrangement in reactions

It is a postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory that states chemical reactions involve only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms—atoms are never created or destroyed

Mono-

It is a prefix for 1 atom in naming covalent compounds (only used for the 2nd element)

Di-

It is a prefix for 2 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Tri-

It is a prefix for 3 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Tetra-

It is a prefix for 4 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Penta-

It is a prefix for 5 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Hexa-

It is a prefix for 6 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Hepta-

It is a prefix for 7 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Octa-

It is a prefix for 8 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Nona-

It is a prefix for 9 atoms in naming covalent compounds

Deca-

It is a prefix for 10 atoms in naming covalent compounds