Human Sexuality Ch. 12

pregnancy that terminates on its own; also termed spontaneous abortion

miscarriage

developing organism from the second to the eighth week of gestation

embryo

thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses the embryo or fetus

amnion

structure though which the exchange of materials between fetal and maternal circulations occurs

placenta

long, ropelike structure that connects the fetus to the placenta

umbilical cord

two offspring developed from two separate ova fertilized by different spematozoa

fraternal twins

two offspring developed from a single zygote that completely divides into two separate, genetically identical zygotes

identical twins

condition in which a person experiences signs of pregnancy, even though they are not pregnant

pseudocyesis

condition in which a partner experiences the symptoms of the pregnant person

couvade

collection of thick mucus in the cervix that prevents bacteria from entering the uterus

mucus plug

hollow ball of embryonic cells that enters the uterus from the fallopian tube and eventually implants

blastocyst

fetal delivery through an open abdominal incision and an incision in the uterus

cesarean section (C-section)

hormone that stimulates the production of estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy

human chorionic gonadotropin

implantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterus, such as in the fallopian tubes or abdomen

ecoptic pregnancy

means of figuring a baby’s due date by subtracting 3 months from the fay of the last menstrual period and adding 7 days

Naegele’s rule

testing used during assisted reproductive technologies to screen for genetic or chromosomal diseases in embryos before implantation

preimplantation genetic diagnosis

procedure in which a small sample of amniotic fled is analyzed to detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus

amniocentesis

adverse effects of excessive hormonal stimulation of the ovaries through fertility drugs

ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

unnatural swellings of the veins in the scrotum

varicocele

artificially introducing sperm into a person’s reproductive tract

artificial insemination

procedure in which ova are removed from the body, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory, and surgically implanted back into a uterus

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

reproductive technique in which the sperm and ova are collected and injected into the fallopian tube before fertilization

gamate intra-fallopian tube transfer

reproductive technique in which the sperm and ova are collected and fertilized outside the body, and the fertilized zygote is then placed into the fallopian tube

zygote intra-fallopian tube transfer

fertility procedure that involves mechanically injecting a sperm into the center of an ovum

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

use of a woman who, through articificial insemination or in vitro fertilization, gestates a fetus for another person or a couple who will raise the child

surrogate parenting

woman who is hired to carry a pregnancy for a couple who may not be able to do so

surrogate mother

freezing of embryos for later use

embryo cryopreservation

freezing of sperm for later use

sperm cryopreservation

freezing of ova for later use

ova cryopreservation

freezing of human ovarian tissue

ovarian tissue cryopreservation

use of ultrasonic waves to monitor a developing fetus; also called sonography

ultrasound

downy covering of hair over a fetus

lanugo

cheeselike substance that coats the fetus in the uterus

vernix

intermittent contractions of the uterus

Braxton-Hicks contractions

thin, yellowish fluid, high in protein and antibodies, secreted from the nipples at the end of pregnancy and during the first few days after delivery

colostrum

disorder involving physical and mental deficiencies, nervous system damage, and facial abnormalities found in the offspring of people who consume alcohol during pregnancy

fetal alcohol syndrome

sampling and testing of the chorion for fetal abnormalities

chorionic villus sampling

blood test used during early pregnancy to determine neural tube defects such as spina bifida or anencephaly

alpha-fetoprotein screening

prenatal test that removes fetal blood from the umbilical cord to detect fetal abnormalities; also called cordocentesis

cord blood sampling

congenital defect of the vertebral column in which the halves of the neural arch of a vertebra fail to fuse in the midline

spina bifida

congenital absence of most of the brain and spinal cord

anencephaly

problem occurring on the 21st chromosome of the developing fetus that can cause intellectual disabilities and physical challenges

down syndrome

form of blood poisoning caused by kidney disturbances

toxemia

condition of hypertension during pregnancy, typically accompanied by leg swelling and other symptoms

preeclampsia

progression of toxemia with similar, but worsening, conditions

eclampsia

when the fetus moves down toward the birth canal before delivery

engagement

abnormal and often dangerous birthing position in which the baby’s feet, knees, or buttocks emerge before the head

breech position

person trained to assist individuals during childbirth

midwife

stretching and thinning of the cervix in preparation for birth

cervical effacement

expansion of the opening of the cervix in preparation for birth

dilation

last period in labor, in which contractions are the most intense and the time in between them in between them is the shortest

transition

cut made with surgical scissors to avoid tearing of the perineum at the end of the second stage of labor

episiotomy

emergence of a baby’s head at the opening of the vagina at birth

crowning

system to assess the general physical condition of a newborn infant for five criteria

Apgar test

condition in which the placenta is abnormally positioned in the uterus so that it partially or completely covers the opening of the cervix

placenta previa

condition in which a fetus has an abnormal heart rate or rhythm

fetal distress

infant who is born deceased

stillbirth

individual’s clinical depression that occurs after childbirth

postpartum depression

rare occurrence of severe, debilitating depression or psychotic symptoms in an individual after childbirth

postpartum psychosis

term used to refer to transgender men who nurse their babies

chestfeed