religion midterm 2

agape

love feast

altar

communion table

asceticism

renouncing all worldly attachments and private property to live a dedicated life of celibacy and prayer

basilica

large, public buildings or covered halls used for public functions (from greek word royal)

betrothal

mutual promise/contract for the future marriage

bishop

leads all Christians living in a city

cardinal

Individual from around the world who are honorary members of the diocese of Rome and pick the next Pope

catacombs

space where Christians worshipped to honor the dead; fairly public

catechesis

preparation for sacrament

celibacy

abstaining from sex

cenobitic monastacism

living with monks in a community

chancel screen

barriers built to ensure people didn't crowd the altar

charismatic practices

sprititual gift or power; often classified as prophecy or speaking in tongues; usually involved unusual psychological states

charismatics

chrismation

anointing with oil during confirmation

clericalizing

performed only by specially qualified people

concubinage

confirmation

rite of adult passage; child accepts their baptism

deacon

They initially occupied the roles around the Eucharistic/banqueting table held by enslaved persons -> Their roles became more ambiguous as time went on, and as Christians transitioned away from the banqueting pattern

deipnon

evening banquet (dinner/supper)

didache

earliest known handbook of christian ritual

Domus Ecclesia

house church

dowry

Dura Europos

early church excavated by Yale University, operated in 3rd c.

helps us see how Christians sacralized even domestic spaces

eastern catholics

20 million Catholics who practice Eastern Christian traditions

elevating

assigning sacred rather than cultural meanings

episcopal model

triumphant church leadership model -> a single bishop leads all Christians in a city; priests/presbyters/elders serve under bishop

eremetic monasticism

leaving the world and living alone in remote areas as a hermit

Eucharist

communion meal; greek for "thanksgiving"

euergetism

value of giving your money back to society

icons

kind of artwork typical of house churches/churches -> 2D images

immersion

baptism via dipping in water

infusion

baptism via sprinkling/pouring water

kingdom of God

jewish beliefs posited that the rise of the kingdom of God would lead to the end of polytheism

martyrium

martyr shrine

mensa

offering tables for the dead

messiah

leads the rise of the kingdom of God

mikveh

ritual bath

ordination

rituals used to select and consecrate someone for Church leadership

paedobaptism

baptizing babies

pagan

polytheists

pentecostals

pope

bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic church

prescribing

becoming specific or inflexible with how they're performed

priene synagogue

2nd c. house converted into a Jewish synagogue

presbyter/priest

serve under the bishop's leadership (often caring for individual groups/churches)

presbyterian model

prophet

Early Christians who manifested certain gifts were singled out in communities and recognized as a special class; relayed supernatural messages or insights

proto Catholics

became th eestablished form of the early Christian religion with its epsicopal model

repeating

done multiple times (like daily prayers)

ritual

embodied, condensed, and prescribed enactment

ritualizing

the act of making rituals

sacrament

principal ritual of Christian life

singularizing

offering them as rare or momentous events

situating

associating them with special places or times

speaking in tongues

type of ecstatic speech

stational Eucharist

non-meal gatherings with a simple distribution of communion

stibadium

crescent shaped table format

stylizing

adding flair

torah

first 5 books of Hebrew Bible; means "law"

traditionalizing

claiming they originated a long time ago

triclinium

c-shaped table format

constantine

Roman emperor that legalized Christianity on his deathbed

Elijah

prophet in Hebrew Bible; similarities between Elijah and John the Baptist -> John intentionally modeled his ministry off of Elijah's

Jesus

central figure of Christianity; Christians viewed Him as the Messiah

John the Baptist

Jewish apocalyptic preacher; associated with the first clear references to baptism; baptized Jesus; modeled his ministry off the stories of Elijah

Montanus

2nd c. prophet who claimed to be a prophet and delivered teachings in a frenzied, ecstatic presentation ->

Tended towards a rigorist form of Christianity

Paul

likely wrote most of the New Testament; called the Eucharist deipnon

Tertullian

earliest critic of infant baptism, but thinks it's necessary in emergencies

Alpha and Omega

seemingly neutral imagery that carried secret Christian symbolism

A,W

anchor

seemingly neutral imagery that carried secret Christian symbolism -> cross

fish

seemingly neutral imagery that carried secret Christian symbolism -> acronym

halo

depicts holiness of a figure

lamb

emblematic of sacrifice and purity; Christians depicted Jesus this way

wheel/XP

seemingly neutral imagery that carried secret Christian symbolism -> XPISTOS, "Christ"

phoenix

seemingly neutral imagery that carried secret Christian symbolism -> resurrection