1.1-1-6 AP Psych : >

Nature-nurture issue

Genes and environment work together to form you

Natural selection

Mutations for the survival

CHARLES DARWIN

Evolutionary psychology

Study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of the natural selection

Behavior genetics

The study of of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

Mutation

A random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Environment

Every nonsensical influence, from prenatal nutrition to our experiences of the people and the things around us.

Hereditary

The genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to kids.

Genes

The biochemical units of heredity.

Genome

The complete instructions for making an organism.

Monozygotic(identical) twins

Come from same egg, genetically the same.

Dizygotic (feternal) twins

Come from Different egg, no closer than siblings.

Interaction

The interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor.

Epi genetics

Above/in addition to genetics. Study of molecular mechanisms learning environmental influence on genetic expressions.

Nervous system

The body's speedy, electromagnetic communication network, consisting all of the nerve cells of the peripheral and control nervous system.

Central nervous system (CNS)

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The sensory and the motor neurons that connect to CNS to the rest of the body.

Nerves

Bundled axon that form neural cables connecting to the CNS with muscles, glands and sensory organs.

Sensory(afferent)neurons

Neurons that carry incoming info from the bodies tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Motor(efferent)neurons

Neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal cords to the muscle and glands.

Interneurons

Neurons with the brain and spinal cord. They communicate informally and process info between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

The part of PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It’s sympathetic divison arouses ; it’s parasympathetic division claims.

Sympathetic nervous system

Arouses the body, high energy. eg. increase in heartbeat, increase in blood pressure.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Calms the body. Ex. decrease in heartbeat and blood pressure.

Relflex

A simple automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk reflex.

Neuron

A nerve cell. The basic building blocks of the nervous system.

Cell body

A part of a neuron that contains the nucleous; call life-support center.

Dendrites

neurons branching extensions that recieve messages from other neurons.

Axon

neuron extention that passes messages through it's branches to other neurons or muscles or glands.

Myelin sheath

fatty tissue layer around axons, increases signal speed. Lack of this leads to Multiple Schlorosis (Ms).

Glial cells (glia)

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.

Action potential

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that troubles down the axon.

Threshold

The level of simulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Refractory period

Small break after firing a neuron.

All-or-non responsive

A neurons reaction of either firing (full strength) or not firing.

Synapse

junction between Axon tip of one neuron to the dendrites of another.

Neurons transmitters

Chemical messages that cross the synaptic gap between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

Reuptake

A neurotransmitters reaborption by the sending neuron.

-Types of Neurotransmitters (N.T.)

Types of Neurotransmitters (N. T)

Acetylcholine

Enables muscle action (learning, memory).

leads to Alzheimer's, myastheria Gravis, and Botulinum

Dopamine

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

Leads to schizo, or Parkinsons.

Seratonin

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

Leads to depression.

Norepinephrine

controls alertness/arousal.

Leads to depression.

GABA

inhibitory N.T.

Leads to seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

Glutamate

Excitatory N.T,

Leads to migraines and seizures.

Endorphins

N.T, that influence the perception of pain and arousal

can be suppressed with oversupply of opioids.

Substance P.

pain perception and immune response.

Oversupply can lead to Chronic pain.

.

Agonist

A molecule that increases a neurotransmitters action.

Antagonist

A molecule that blocks a neurotransmitters action.

Endocrime system

Body's slow chemical communication system. Set of glands and fat tissue that secretes hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and effect other tissues.

Psychoactive drug

A chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes and perceptions and moods.

Substance usc disorder

A disorder characterized by continued substance use despite resulting life disruption.

Tolerance

Diminishing effect with regular use of the same drug.Eg. you now need 3 beers to feel high.

Addiction

An everyday term for compulsive substance use that countinue despite harmful consequences.

Withdrawal

The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing on addictive drug or behavior.

Depressants

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Barbiturates

Drugs that depress control nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impaining memory and judgment.

Opioids

Opium and it’s derivatives; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Stimulants

Drugs that exited neural activity and speed up body functions.

Hallucinogens

Psychedeic drugs that distort perceptions and envoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Near- death experience

An altered state of consciousness reported after a closed brush with death. Often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

Example of Depressants are ???

Alcohol, Herion, and opioids.

Examples of stimulants are ???

Caffine, Nicotine, Cocaine, METH, Ecstacy( MDMA) kinda

Examples of Hallucinogens are ???

LSD, Marijuana, and Ecstacy.

Biological psychology

The scientific study of links between biological and psychological processes. Some bio-psychologists call themselves neuroscientists, behavior genetics, bipsychologists, etc.

Biopsychosocial approach

An interrogated approach that incorporates bio, psycho, and social-culturallevels of analysis.

Biopsychosocial approach

An interrogated approach that incorporates bio, psycho, and social-culturallevels of analysis.

Neuroplasticity

The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or building new paths based on experience (science world activity)

Lesion

Tissue destruction. Brain lesions may occur naturally, during surgery, or experimentally.

Electroencephalogram (ECG)

Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brains surface. Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

Magnetcephalography

A brain-imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brains natural electrical activity.

CT (computed tomography) scan

Series of x-ray photos taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brains structure.

PET (position emissions tomography)

A technique for detecting brain activity that displays where a radioactive form of glucose while brain performs a given task.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI show brain anatomy.

FMRI

A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. FMRI shows brain function and structure.