History era of good feelings

Tariff of 1816, why is was passed? who supported it?

• it was a tax on imported goods (to protect americans)

• it was passed to protect American businesses and factories from foreign competition (especially cheaper British products after War of 1812)

• Northern manufacturers supported it because it put a tax on imported goods (people would buy their goods)

• southerners opposed it bc they relied on imported goods

Political division during the era of good feelings

• Era of good feelings: period after War of 1812 when president Monroe’s administration increased nationalism and declined federalist party

• division over economy: should federal gov. support banks, tariffs, roads?

• over states rights: should states or fed gov have more power?

• over slavery: should slavery expand into new territories

• over regional interests: north favored manufacturing, south depended on agriculture/ slavery, and the west wanted land and transportation

significance of the Missouri Compromise line

• in 1819, missouri requested admission to the Union as a slave state

• missouri compromise of 1820: missouri entered as a slave state, maine entered as a free state (gave balance to the senate), slavery was prohibited is most of the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory north of latitude 36°30′, except Missouri.

How did John Marshall’s court rulings strengthen federal power

• Chief Justice John Marshall led the supreme Court, his decisions strengthened the authority of the federal government and the power of the Supreme Court.

• Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established judicial review, the power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Confirmed Congress's power to create a national bank and ruled that states could not tax the federal bank.

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): Strengthened federal authority over interstate commerce, or trade between states.

• judicial review: The power of courts to decide whether laws or government actions violate the Constitution.

foreign policy goals of the US during this era, including with Latin America and Florida

• US wanted to expand its territory, protect its borders, and prevent European countries from gaining more power in the Americas

• Anglo-American Convention of 1818: An agreement between the United States and Great Britain that established part of the U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel and allowed joint occupation of the Oregon Country.

• Florida: The United States wanted to acquire Florida from Spain because it could serve as a base for raids and threatened security along the southern border.

• Adams–Onís Treaty (1819): Spain agreed to give Florida to the United States. The agreement also clarified boundaries between Spanish territory and the United States.

• Latin America: Several Latin American colonies were fighting for independence from Spain and Portugal. The United States generally supported their independence.

• Monroe Doctrine (1823): President James Monroe warned European powers not to establish new colonies or interfere in independent nations in the Americas. In return, the United States said it would generally stay out of European wars and internal affairs.

major beliefs and actions of Andrew Jackson

• defender of ordinary white americans, but many of his policies excluded Native Americans and other groups from equal rights

• he wanted to expand presidential power

→ indian removal act: Authorized the removal of Native American nations from their homelands (trail of tears)

→ opposition to the national bank (believed 2nd bank of US favored rich)

→ spoils system: rewarded political supporters with government jobs

• Worcester v. Georgia: The Supreme Court ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws on Cherokee territory. Jackson's administration did not effectively enforce the ruling to protect Cherokee sovereignty.

• Cherokee v. Georgia: The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a “domestic dependent nation” and that the Court lacked jurisdiction to hear the case as presented. It did not resolve the Cherokees underlying land dispute.

• Specie Circular: Jackson's policy requiring payment for most federal public lands to be made in gold or silver rather than paper money. It contributed to financial pressure before the Panic of 1837.

  
  

Henry Clay’s American system and its goals

• American System: an economic plan made to strengthen the economy + connect different regions of the US

• Henry Clay: kentucky politician “Great Compromiser”

→ protect tariffs, national bank, internal improvements ( Federal support for roads, canals, and other transportation projects to connect markets)

Goals:

Encourage American manufacturing.

Help farmers transport and sell their crops.

Make trade between regions easier.

Promote economic independence from foreign countries.

Create a stronger national economy.

controversy of the 1824 election

• Andrew Jackson: Popular military hero who received the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but not an electoral majority.

• John Quincy Adams: Favored a stronger national role in economic development.

• Henry Clay: Speaker of the House of Representatives who supported the American System.

• William H. Crawford: Another major Democratic-Republican candidate.

→ Because no candidate won a majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives had to choose the president under the Twelfth Amendment. Henry Clay supported Adams, who won the presidency.

Nullification Crisis + how it was resolved

• South Carolina challenged federal tariff laws

Causes:

-Congress passed protective tariffs, including the Tariff of Abominations in 1828.

-Many Southerners believed the tariffs raised prices on imported goods and harmed Southern agricultural exports.

- John C. Calhoun argued that a state could declare a federal law unconstitutional and refuse to enforce it within that state.

Resolved:

-President Jackson opposed nullification and threatened to use federal force to enforce the law.

-Congress passed the Force Bill, authorizing the use of force to enforce federal tariffs if necessary.

-Henry Clay helped negotiate the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which gradually reduced tariff rates.

-South Carolina accepted the compromise tariff and ended its immediate nullification confrontation, although it later symbolically nullified the Force Bill.

• Nullification: The idea that a state can declare a federal law unconstitutional and refuse to enforce it.

• Tariff of abominations: The nickname for the high protective tariff of 1828, which angered many Southerners because they believed it benefited Northern manufacturers at their expense.

• John C Calhoun: Vice president under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, and a leading defender of states' rights and nullification. He resigned as vice president in 1832 amid his conflict with Jackson.

Jackson’s reasons for removing Native Americans and vetoing the bank

Native removal:

• Indian Removal Act (1830): Authorized the president to negotiate removal agreements with Native American nations.

• Land and resources: White settlers wanted Native American land for agriculture, especially cotton.

• States' rights: Georgia and other states wanted to extend their authority over Native American territories.

• Worcester v. Georgia: The Supreme Court ruled that Georgia's laws could not be enforced in Cherokee territory, but Jackson's administration failed to effectively protect the Cherokee.

• Trail of Tears: The forced removal of the Cherokee in 1838–1839 under President Martin Van Buren resulted in thousands of deaths.

Bank:

• Jackson believed national bank have too much power to rich, unfairly benefited the rich, and gov shouldn’t rely on it

→ In 1832, Jackson vetoed a bill to renew the bank's charter. He later withdrew federal deposits from the bank and placed them in selected state banks. (bank War)

beliefs of the Whigs + why they opposed Jackson

• What whigs supported:

→ strong role for congress in gov, national bank, tariffs, federal funding

→ opposed Jackson bc he vetoed second bank, expanded pres. power thru veto, he believed leadership threatened balance of power in branches of gov.

How did Alexis de Tocqueville observe American society

• he was a french political thinker who visited US, studied american democracy and observed

• he observed equality, democracy, individualism, voluntary associations, local government, tyranny of the majority