Introduction to Statistics

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and terminologies introduced in the chapter on Statistics, emphasizing definitions and distinctions of data types, sampling methods, and statistical principles.

Statistics

A systematic approach to data-handling including collection, organization, presentation, summarizing, analyzing, and making conclusions about a population.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistical methods used to describe basic features of data, presented as tables, graphs, and summary measures.

Inferential Statistics

Methods that use sample results to make inferences and conclusions about a parent population, covering areas like estimation and hypothesis testing.

Qualitative Data

Non-numerical or categorical data that can be categorized, such as ethnic group or marital status.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data that can be classified into discrete (countable) or continuous (measurable) data.

Primary Data

Data collected for the first time for a specific reason, offering fresh, original, accurate results.

Secondary Data

Data collected by someone else that has already been analyzed, often accessible and cost-effective but may be outdated.

Census

A survey that examines every member of the population.

Sample Survey

A survey that examines a subset of the population.

Sampling

The process of selecting a representative sample from a target population to understand something about the entire population.

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

A truly random sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Systematic Sampling

Random sampling method where the first unit is randomly selected and others are selected at regular intervals.

Stratified Sampling

Sampling technique where the population is divided into non-overlapping groups, and samples are taken from each stratum.

Cluster Sampling

Sampling method where entire clusters are selected at random and all members within those clusters are surveyed.

Multi-stage Sampling

Sampling method that takes a series of simple random samples in stages, useful for geographically dispersed populations.

Bias

The tendency of a pattern of errors to influence data in a representative way.

Pilot Survey

A pre-survey or trial survey to test the suitability of the questionnaire before the actual survey.

A survey that examines every member of the population

Census

Statistics

A systematic approach to data-handling including collection, organization, presentation, summarizing, analyzing, and making conclusions about a population.

Descriptive Statistics

Statistical methods used to describe basic features of data, presented as tables, graphs, and summary measures.

Inferential Statistics

Methods that use sample results to make inferences and conclusions about a parent population, covering areas like estimation and hypothesis testing.

Qualitative Data

Non-numerical or categorical data that can be categorized, such as ethnic group or marital status.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data that can be classified into discrete (countable) or continuous (measurable) data