Chapter 6 - Stimulants and Amphetamines Study Guide

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the history, forms, effects, and mechanisms of cocaine and amphetamines based on lecture notes.

Stimulants

Substances defined as maintaining mental and physical activity levels in a person.

Restricted Stimulants

A category of stimulants that includes cocaine and amphetamines.

Readily Available Stimulants

Commonly accessible substances such as caffeine and nicotine.

Coca Plant

The plant originating in South America from which cocaine is derived.

Sigmund Freud

An early advocate for cocaine who promoted its use for treating morphine dependence and depression, conducting a case study with Freund von Fleishl.

1914 Harrison Act

The initial piece of legislation regarding cocaine regulation in response to public pressure.

Coca Paste

A crude extract containing a high percentage of active cocaine that is typically smoked in South America.

Cocaine Hydrochloride

The most common pure form of cocaine, consisting of $99\%$ active ingredient, which is water-soluble and can be snorted or injected.

Freebase

Cocaine base extracted using a solvent like ether, which can be heated and inhaled.

Crack Cocaine

Crude lumps produced by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda for vapor inhalation.

Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986

A law establishing stricter penalties for crack cocaine that disproportionately affected African Americans due to socioeconomic factors.

Insufflation

The process of snorting cocaine through nasal membranes, resulting in effects lasting $15$ to $30$ minutes.

Formication

A long-term effect of stimulant abuse characterized by the sensation of insects crawling under the skin.

Cocaine (Medical Use)

A substance medically accepted only as a local anesthetic for specific surgeries due to its intense vasoconstriction properties.

Cocaine (Biological Mechanism)

Increases dopamine levels in the brain reward system by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter.

Gamma vinyl-GABA

A pharmacological treatment option for cocaine dependence.

Ma Huang

The source of ephedrine, which was the active ingredient in early forms of amphetamines.

Adderall

A medication created by combining d-amphetamine (dextroamphetamine) and l-amphetamine (levoamphetamine).

Methamphetamine

A modified form of d-amphetamine characterized by a methyl group substitution that allows for a more rapid effect.

Amphetamine Mechanism of Action

Heightens activity by increasing the release of dopamine and norepinephrine while simultaneously slowing their reuptake.

Amphetamine Psychosis

A severe chronic effect of amphetamine use that mimics the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia.

Stereotypy

A chronic effect of amphetamine use involving repetitive, purposeless behaviors.

Low Arousal Theory

A theory suggesting that amphetamines assist individuals with ADHD by amplifying environmental stimulation while reducing background neuron firing.

Schedule I Classification

A restrictive drug category that, if applied to cocaine and amphetamine, would hinder treatment options for ADHD and narcolepsy.