SDG PRE-FINAL

process category

intend[ed] to understand the ‘___’ of CSR decision-making or implementation and how stakeholders interpret or respond to corporate social activities”(p. 536).

process category

It is suggested here that the ‘___’ category of CSR research might usefully shed light on complex decision-making processes, particularly in light of the diversity of stakeholder interests in, and pressures upon CSR agendas.

process category

This has significant implications for the openness of these processes to stakeholder contribution, and thus for more critical appreciation of power relations in decision-making.

outcome research

A second category is ‘___’ research concerned with the consequences of adopting CSR

psychoanalytic interpretation

A more suitable basis for arriving at a deeper understanding of the drivers of management behaviour, when considered from the point of view of the behaviour and motivations of individual managers of the organisation, is however based upon a ___.

psychoanalytic theory

was created initially by Freud but has been widely adapted by others. In a general sense such theory can be considered to be a theory of human emotional behaviour.

psychoanalytic theory

argues that the real motivation for any act undertaken by a person may be disguised and not apparent even to the person who performs that act.

process

This nature of stakeholder participation matches with what Reed (2008) termed as ‘participation as a ___’, rather than ‘participation underpinned by a philosophy’ which emphasizes empowerment, equity, trust and learning.

process

In other words, sustainability agendas can highlight dimensions of complexity in business ___ that often go unrecognised.

process

Marshall (1999) augments Foucault’s position by a focus on performativity which he describes as the ___ by which bureaucracies articulate and set goals “… in ever narrowing demands of reporting” (p. 310) in the interests of demonstrating efficiency and accountability through measuring outputs associated with the efficient use of resources.

application of processes

The relationship between power and knowledge also needs consideration when identifying the nature of efficiencies in knowledge creation and ___ to optimise organisational agendas.

Alvesson

reinforces Foucault’s contentions by stating that “… people in their functioning are much less rational” than science often claims, and that “[f]rom a functional point of view, areas of knowledge develop as a response to problems and possibilities” (p. 1643).

Jones et al.

identified the role of power in building a stakeholder culture, the latter defined as “… the beliefs, values, and practices that have evolved for solving stakeholderrelated problems and otherwise managing relationships with stakeholders” (p. 142).

philanthropic charitable work

Similar to the findings of many previous studies in developing countries, the commonly observed CSR programmes that the various sample MNEs in this study had adopted were ___ such as corporate donations, supporting the distressed and victims of floods and cyclone and contributing to the Prime Minister’s relief fund (Jamali and Mirshak 2007; Kühn et al.

Foucault in Rabinow

reminds us that ethics and morals are a product of societal discourse, i.e. the specificity of the politics of truth in our societies, a perspective worth considering when analysing or evaluating the nature of CSR or its manifestation in stakeholder values, interests and practices.

Foucault

analysed power through the use of language as power games.

Foucault’s position

Marshall (1999) augments __ by a focus on performativity which he describes as the process by which bureaucracies articulate and set goals “… in ever narrowing demands of reporting” (p. 310) in the interests of demonstrating efficiency and accountability through measuring outputs associated with the efficient use of resources.

Foucault

reminds us that knowledge is not a mirror reflection of the ‘real’ world, rather, knowledge categorises and produces interpretations of the world, heavily influenced by the power status of the communicator.

Foucault’s contentions

Alvesson (2011, p. 1645) reinforces ___ by stating that “… people in their functioning are much less rational” than science often claims, and that “[f]rom a functional point of view, areas of knowledge develop as a response to problems and possibilities” (p. 1643).

Marshall

augments Foucault’s position by a focus on performativity which he describes as the process by which bureaucracies articulate and set goals “… in ever narrowing demands of reporting” (p. 310) in the interests of demonstrating efficiency and accountability through measuring outputs associated with the efficient use of resources.

Marshall

notes that education “… has been subsumed under the performativity of the wider social system because education is required to create the skills which are indispensable if the wider social system is to perform efficiently” (1999, p. 310).

Marshall

He suggests that the tension in this scenario is that education no longer works towards producing ideals that might influence an elite in guiding a nation towards informed social progress, rather the aim is to “… supply the system with players capable of acceptably fulfilling their roles at the pragmatic posts required by its institutions”.

FMCG

fast-moving consumer goods

food and fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG)

The companies were selected from the pharmaceutical, mobile communication, chemical, tobacco, ___ industries.

Freud

Psychoanalytic theory was created initially by ___ but has been widely adapted by others.

Freud

In his psychoanalytic theory, ____ argues that the real motivation for any act undertaken by a person may be disguised and not apparent even to the person who performs that act.

Freud

Thus for ___ the underlying basis for identity, and therefore for an explanation of individual behaviour, was based in the unconscious.

Freud

He argued that an individual’s identity was based upon past experience which was largely unconscious and that behaviour was largely dependant upon an attempt to resolve the conflicts and motivations inherent in the unconscious ___.

bureaucracies

Perrow (1986) noted that ___ needed to demonstrate that “the administrative elites of owners and managers had more capacity to engage in logical thinking and calculation than the workers.

bureaucratic decisionmaking

Recent work by Nowotny (2016) explores the potential of technology-facilitated production of ‘big data’ to provide decision-makers with multiple options through correlation-based analysis, in recognition that causal-based predictions no longer provide the perceived certainty, traditionally associated with centralised ___. She describes this shift as representing a move from the ‘why’ to the ‘what’ and ‘how’ of decision-making.

bureaucracies articulate

Marshall (1999) augments Foucault’s position by a focus on performativity which he describes as the process by which ___ and set goals “… in ever narrowing demands of reporting” (p. 310) in the interests of demonstrating efficiency and accountability through measuring outputs associated with the efficient use of resources.

Perrow

noted that bureaucracies needed to demonstrate that “the administrative elites of owners and managers had more capacity to engage in logical thinking and calculation than the workers.

Perrow

identified the contest for control in complex organisations, noting that “[o]rganizations generate power; control and use of that power are vital organizational issues … [and they are] … tools for shaping the world as one wishes it to be shaped”

Perrow

also explored the contest for control in organisations as a tension between a form of ‘particularism’ demonstrating how individualistic power can dominate broad organisational purpose and the setting of universalistic criteria or standards that would provide appropriate capability to optimise organisational goals.

Perrow

argues that particularistic agendas in organisations that clash with criteria of perceived efficiency are anti-democratic, abnegate principles of equality, but also breach the contract between the organisation and society in that “… organizations draw on resources provided by society in general and thus are beholden to all of society”

Perrow

noted that rules are needed in organisations when complexity increases due to variability in personnel, customers, environments, techniques of production, etc.

Perrow

He suggested that in organisations where members agree on goals and the techniques of achieving these goals are within the ability of members, then rules are required to a much lesser extent.

Belal and Cooper

note that the selection of a diverse group of interviewees across a range of industry sectors offers a rich perspective on CSR practices in different sectors. The interviews lasted from 50 to 80 min.

Aras and Crowther

propose a model of CSR which considers aspects of sustainability, i.e. societal influence, environmental impact, organisational culture and financial performance that need to be measured in a sustainability policy, and hence are important for progressing CSR agendas.