Feed Manufacturing & Regulations

receiving methods

grains, meals and feeds, Ca P salt and additives, liquids

Grinding/steam-flaking grains does what

breaks open the seed coat to expose endosperm and reduces particle size, increasing the available surface area for enzymatic digestion.

Hammermill

grind by impact; more waste/powder

Roller Mill

grinding by shear; expensive but less waste

Steam Flaker

turns corn/grains into flakes instead of grinding

Particle size for monogastrics

ground corn

Particle size for ruminants

cracked corn

challenges with poor particle size

too coarse or too fine

effects of too coarse

poor digestibility and greater fecal output

effects of too fine

gastric ulcers or acidosis and feed bridging

goal of batching/mixing

to make every bite of feed nutritionally identical and safe

relative importance of feed mixing _______ as feed intake ________

increases; decreases

Regulatory implications with batching/mixing

medications, ingredients with toxic levels, labeling

Mixing precision is affected by:

type of mixer, mixing time and speed, sequence of ingredient addition, ingredient inclusion rate, characteristics of ingredient

mash

did not go through thermal processing

examples of what goals could be of thermal processing

reduce feed waste, increase palatability and intake, improve feed handling, destray pathogens like salmonella or listeria

products after thermal processing must:

be cooled and or dried before packaging or delivery

types of thermal processing

pelleting, extrusion, retort

pellet mill

pack feed into pellets (livestock)

extruder

pressurizing the food and as it comes out it puffs leaving some air (dog and cat food)

retort

pressurizes and cooks food while in the can inside the machine

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

USDA

US Department of Agriculture

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

AAFCO

American Association of Feed Control Officials

Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act

1938; defined feed and pet food as ‘food’, FDA has authority over feed, pet food, ingredients, additives, and label claims, all ingrdients must be generally recognized as safe or approved food additives, any ingridients that cure, treat, or prevent disease are known as drugs

Medicated Feed Rules

1977 - created manufacturing, labeling requirements for medicated feeds and pet foods

BSE Feed Rules

1997 and 2009 - response to control bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease); prohibits mammal proteins from being fed in ruminant feed and prohibits high risk tissues to be used in feed (brains, spinal cords)

Veterinary Feed Directive

2000, 2017 - edically important to human health to reduce antimicrobial resistance

FSMA

Food Safety Modernization Act (2011)

Food Safety Modernization Act

2011; all facilities that manufacture, process, pack or hold food intended for animals must analyze hazards and control those that are significant

feed and pet food safety hazard - biological

pathogens in pet food (salmonella, listeria), prions in feed for ruminants (BSE)

feed and pet food safety hazard - chemical

mycotoxins in grains pet food dairy, drugs, urea toxicity in horses, copper toxicity in sheep, vitamin D, Ca, or P deficiencies, toxicities, or imbalances, nitrate poisoning in forages for cattle, blister beetle in hay for horses

feed and pet food safety hazard - types

biological, chemical, physical