Ch 25 Learning Objectives

Fluid and Electrolytes

25.1.1 List the factors that influence the percentage of body fluid and explain its significance relative to fluid balance.

25.1.2 Describe the two major body fluid compartments, and compare their chemical compositions.

25.1.3 Explain how fluid moves between the major body fluid compartments.

25.2.4 Define fluid balance.

25.2.5 List both the sources of fluid intake and the categories of water loss.

25.2.6 Compare and contrast the different types of fluid imbalances.

25.2.7 List and explain the stimuli that regulate fluid intake.

25.2.8 Identify the four hormones that are involved in regulating fluid output, and describe the general effects of each.

25.3.9 Describe the difference between a nonelectrolyte and an electrolyte.

25.3.10 Explain the general role of electrolytes in fluid balance.

25.3.11 List the six major electrolytes found in body fluids, other than H+ and HCO3–.

25.3.12 Explain why Na+ is a critical electrolyte in the body.

25.3.13 Describe the variables that influence K+ distribution.

25.3.14 Describe the main location, functions, and means of regulation for each of the common electrolytes.

25.4.15 Explain angiotensin II formation.

25.4.16 Describe the primary effects of angiotensin II following its formation.

25.4.17 Describe the stimuli that cause the hypothalamus to trigger release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary.

25.4.18 Explain the primary effects of antidiuretic hormone.

26.4.19 Describe the stimuli that cause release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

25.4.20 Explain the changes that occur in response to binding of aldosterone by kidney cells.

25.4.21 Describe the stimulus for the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its three actions.

25.4.22 Explain the ways in which the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide differ from the effects of angiotensin II, ADH, and aldosterone.

25.5.23 Distinguish between the two categories of acids in the body and name the physiologic buffering system that regulates each category.

25.5.24 Compare and contrast the general concept of physiologic buffering systems and chemical buffering systems.

25.5.25 List the various sources of fixed acid.

25.5.26 Describe how the kidneys counteract increasing blood H+.

25.5.27 Explain how the kidneys function in response to decreasing blood H+.

25.5.28 Explain the normal relationship between breathing rate and acid-base balance.

25.5.29 Describe the components of the protein buffering system and where and how they help prevent pH changes.

25.5.30 Explain the reactions of the phosphate buffering system within the ICF.

25.5.31 Describe how the bicarbonate buffering system maintains acid-base balance in the ECF.

25.6.32 Define acid-base disturbance and list the four primary types.

25.6.33 Define respiratory acidosis, identify some of the causes of this type of acidbase disturbance, and explain how it occurs.

25.6.34 Explain why infants are more susceptible to respiratory acidosis.

25.6.35 Define respiratory alkalosis, identify some of the causes of this type of acidbase disturbance, and explain how it occurs.

25.5.36 Explain how metabolic acid-base disturbances differ from respiratory acid-base disturbances.

25.6.37 Define both metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis, identify some of the causes of each type of acid- base disturbance, and explain how each occurs.

25.6.38 Describe renal and respiratory compensation.