R2 - Groups

Collective Self-esteem

Feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups

Common Knowledge Effect

Tendency for groups to spend more time discussing information that all members know (shared info) & less time examining information that only a few members know (unshared)

Group Cohesion

Solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong & mutual interpersonal bonds among members & group-level forces that unify the group, such as shared commitment to group goals

Group Polarization

Tendency for members of a deliberating group to move to a more extreme position, with the direction of the shift determined by the majority or average of the members’ predeliberation preferences

Groupthink

Set of negative group-level processes, including illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, & pressures to conform, that occur when highly cohesive groups seek concurrence when making a decision

Ostracism

Excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them

Shared Mental Model

Knowledge, expectations, conceptualizations, & other cognitive representations that members of a group have in common pertaining to the group & its members, tasks, procedures, & resources

Social Comparison

Process of contrasting one’s personal qualities and outcomes, including beliefs, attitudes, values, abilities, accomplishments, & experiences, to those of other people

Social Facilitation

Improvement in task performance that occurs when people work in the presence of other people

Social Identity Theory

Theoretical analysis of group processes & intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts & self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves group members & identify with the group

Social Loafing

Reduction of individual effort exerted when people work in groups compared with when they work alone

Sociometer Model

Conceptual analysis of self-evaluation processes that theorizes self-esteem functions to psychologically monitor of one’s degree of inclusion & exclusion in social groups

Teamwork

Process by which members of the team combine their knowledge, skills, abilities, & other resources through a coordinated series of actions to produce an outcome

Downward Social Comparison

Need to maintain self-worth drives us to affiliate when those less fortunate than us

Ex: you get 85% on a test, you’ll associate with the friend who got a 78% rather than the one who got a 92% to maintain a high level of self-worth

Social Integration

Groups start to from when people become dependent on one another for the satisfaction of their needs

Evaluation Apprehension

When we feel our individual performance will be known to others & they will negatively judge it