history unit 2

Roots of reformation

breaking away from the church, corruption, high taxes

Indulgences

temporal punishment due to sin

Martin Luther

German monk, believed salvation not reached by good works but faith alone, also translated the bible into German

Luther's effect

challenged the Catholic Church, led people away from being catholic

ninety-five theses

nailed to the door of the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther

Address to the christian nobility of the German nation

calls for break with Rome and seize church property, taps into German nationalism

Pope Leo X

condemned 41 counter points from Luther's teachings

diet of worms

Formal assemble held in worms Germany by the roman emperor Charles V (king of Spain)

excommunication

Luther refused the recant and faced this

Fredrick the wise

Luther had protection from this Saxon ruler

protestants

anyone who questioned the Catholic Church and believed in Luther's ideas

Ulrich Zwingli

against anything not said in the bible

Antibaptists

believed only adults should be baptized, separation of church and state

printing press and politics effect

caused Luther's ideas to spread quickly

Geneva

center of protestant movement

Henry VIII

originally devout catholic and religious scholar, wanted to make England powerful nation, becomes head of Church of England, formally breaks with Rome

Catherine of Argon

Henry's first wife, had 6 kids only one survived (Mary)

Anne Boleyn

Henry's second wife, daughter Elizabeth is born, had an affair with the king, had 3 miscarriages

Anne Boleyn's accusations

Adultery and incest (she was beheaded)

Jane Seymour

Henry's third wife, had son named Edward

Edward VI

Becomes king at 9, church became more protestant, died as age 15

Lady Jane Grey

Edward's cousin, rules for 9 days.

Mary I

Catherine of Argon's daughter becomes queen, married Phillip II of Spain, returns England to Catholicism, executed protestants (Bloody Mary)

Elizabeth

Anne Boleyn's daughter, restores protestantism, imprisoned and executed catholic threat her cousin Mary queen of Scots, rules for 44 years, makes England super power.

John Calvin

institutes of the Cristian religion, believed in predestination, good virtue result of being selected

John Knox

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

Counter reformation

persecution of protestants

council of Trent

reaffirmed traditional catholic doctrine

France religious war

catholics vs. huguenots

King Charles IX

influenced by his mother king of France

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

targeted assassination towards huguenots 3k killed in Paris 70k killed in France

Henri IV

successful in defeating the catholics married King Charles IX daughter

edict of Nates

grants protestant religious freedom

spanish armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England, support for Holland revolt, execution of Mary queen of Scots, England was victorious

Thirty years war

most destructive of religious wars, 8 million killed

defenestration of Prague

Europe falls into period of famine and disease

peace of westphalia

rulers can choose which religion they want for their land

witch trials

malleus malefic rum, hammer of witches, women tempted by devil, hung and burned

French financial crisis

result of seven years war, people were poor

First estate

(church) 1% of population, paid no taxes

Second estate

(nobility) 2% of population, paid no taxes

Third estate

97% of the population (the rest of France) most all taxes

Cahiers de dolences

list of grievances to the king

national assembly

king agrees to share power, declaration of the rights of man, proclaimed all men equal and free

march of women

protest for bread, forced king back to Paris

Assignats

bonds land sales as security, began to be used as money, leads to more inflation

Louis XVI

king of France but was executed by guillotine

reign of terror

period of time after the French Revolution 40k died

Thermidorian reaction

revolution became too radical, Robespierre executed, new constitution

The directory

declares war with Britain, Spain, Austria, and Prussia

Napoleon Bonaparte

brilliant military mind, invaded Egypt, defeated by Horatin Nelson

concordat

the peace agreement made between Napoleon and the Pope following the chaos of the French Revolution.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property.

haitian revolution

influenced by American and French revolts, abolishes slavery

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Led the slave rebellion after the first slave rebel was captured; led to Haitian independence.

Battle of Trafalgar

an 1805 naval battle in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by a British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson.

Battle of Leipzig

battle between Napoleon and Russia, Napoleon was defeated by Russia, Prussia, and austria

Elba

first island Napoleon was exiled too

Battle of Waterloo

final defeat by Duke of Wellington, exiled to st. Helena

Simón Bolívar

Creole, educated is Spain and France, goal to create republics in South America

Battle of Boyaca

Colombia VS. Spain, Spanish army was defeated, leads to independence of Venezuela and Colombia, Bolivar drafts constitution for Ecuador and Bolivia.

Jose de San Martin

Creole, educated in Spain for military training, led revolt creating independent Argentina, crossed andes and liberated Chile, overthrows viceroyalty of Peru with help go Thomas Cochrane

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Led peasant and Indian revolt, creole did not support, was captured and executed, Spain granted some freedoms and representation in parliament

Mexican American war

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. Treaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo

Augustine de iturbide

Mexican general who led the revolt against the Spanish crown; was crowed Emperor of Mexico, but Mexicans wanted a republic. Assures catholicism

Vincente Guerrero

1815-1820: One of two of the weak rebel leaders still in existence. Later in 1820: joined his troops with Inturbide's native and African mix, abolishes slavery, begins taxation of the rich, was eventually overthrown and executed

Antonio Lopez de santa anna

Mexican general who was the Napoleon of the west, won Texas war

Joao

Portuguese heir escapes invading France, establishes internal improvements there, was forced back to Portugal but left his son in Brazil

Dom Pedro

declares country independent, goal to keep two countries controlled by the same family

Keys to industrialization

large labor force, food to sustain, raw materials, machines, markets, transportation, capital

Britain (Industrial Revolution)

First to meet all requirements, population grows from 6 to 20 million people, rich in iron and coal (mixture makes steel), cotton from the colonies made its way over (number one manufactured product)

Enclosure movement

practice of fencing or enclosing common lands into individual holdings

Proletariat

working class

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning Jenny (gave women jobs)

Richard Arkwright

Invented the water frame (caused women to lose their job of using the spinning Jenny)

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

Thomas Newcomen

created the first steam engine

James Watt

mastered the steam engine

George Stephenson

created the steam locomotive (trains were safer and faster form of transportation) later steamships were created as well.

Changes in work patterns

shifts were 12-16 hours 6 days a week (breaking up of family), hiring of more children and women, creates more social problems (domestic violence, alcoholism, suicides), leads to more unions and strikes.

Louis Napoleon

attempts to stop German unification and was captured in battle

Otto Von Bismark

unifies Germany becomes dominate power

Ethnic tensions

in Austria-Hungary nationalism and religion

decline in Ottoman Empire

due to ethnic tensions and religious issues

Crimean war

France, Britain and Ottoman Empire against Russia, 640 killed

Treaty of Paris 1856

Ends Crimean War but Russia keeps Crimea but no navy or Military Presence. Austrian and Russian rivalry begins in the balkan peninsula

Treaty of San Stefano

dual alliance Germany and Austria vs. Russia

Triple entente

France, Britain, Russia

Triple Alliance

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria-Hungarian heir assassinated by a Serbian nationalist (Gavrilo Princip black hand group member); the spark of WWI

Schlieffen Plan

A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts

Westernfront stalemate

between France and Germany with trench warfare, constant back and forth

All quit on the western front

Book by Erich Maria Remarque

Horrors

dead bodies, urine, feces, rats, weather, PTS

Battle of Verdun

Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI.

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Battle of Gallipoli

Also known as the Gallipoli campaign, it took place at the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey from April-January 1915-1916. It was a joint British and French operation against the Ottoman Empire

Mufasta Kemal

Victory against the British and French in the battle of gallipoli

new technologies

tanks, machine guns, airplanes and zeppelins, submarines, poisonous gases, and new fuel for machines (oil)