Examination< eval and assessment

Anatomical position

Standard reference posture defined as standing upright, facing forward, arms resting at the sides, and palms facing forward.

Proximal vs. distal

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment versus farther from the trunk or point of attachment.

Sagittal plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.

Frontal (coronal) plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

Transverse plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

Deltoid

Primary shoulder muscle responsible for arm abduction.

Serratus anterior

Muscle responsible for scapular protraction and upward rotation.

Hamstrings

Posterior thigh muscle group responsible for knee flexion and hip extension; frequently strained during rapid eccentric loading.

Tibialis anterior

Anterior lower leg muscle responsible for ankle dorsiflexion and foot inversion.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Knee ligament that restrains anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur and stabilizes rotation.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Knee ligament that restrains posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur.

Medial collateral ligament (MCL)

Knee ligament that resists valgus stress, commonly injured by a direct blow to the lateral aspect of the joint.

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

Knee ligament that resists varus stress.

Supination vs. pronation

Forearm movement turning the palm upward/anteriorly versus turning the palm downward/posteriorly.

Inversion vs. eversion

Movement turning the sole of the foot inward toward the midline versus turning the sole outward away from the midline.

HOSA normal ROM for knee flexion

$$140^\circ$$

HOSA normal ROM for shoulder flexion and abduction

$$180^\circ$$

HOSA normal ROM for ankle dorsiflexion and eversion

$$20^\circ$$

HOSA normal ROM for ankle plantarflexion

$$45^\circ$$

Sprain vs. strain

Tearing or stretching injury to a ligament caused by joint twisting versus injury to a muscle or tendon caused by overstretching or violent contraction.

Dislocation vs. subluxation

Complete loss of articulation between two bones in a joint versus incomplete or partial displacement of joint surfaces.

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)

Lateral ankle structure most commonly injured in a plantarflexion and inversion mechanism.

Lachman test

Special orthopedic test that assesses anterior tibial translation to evaluate the integrity of the ACL.