Ch. 18 The Gramp-Positive and Gram-Negative Cocci of Medical Importance

General Characteristics: Where does Staph resides?

skin and mucous membranes

General Characteristics: Staph shape is__ and they are in irregular __

spherical, clusters

General Characteristics: Staph is gram-negative or gram-positive? And what does that mean? they have__

Gram-positve, thicker walls

General Characteristics:Staph lack __ and __ (one of them means that its nonmotile)

spores, flagella

General Characteristics: Staph may have __ (helps evade phagocytosis)

capsule

General Characteristics: Staph have more than __ species, but only __ are the most important pathogens to humans

40, 5

1)- Name the five most important human pathogens in the genus Staphylococcus

aureus, epidermidis, capitis, hominis, saprorphyticus

1) What is considered the most serious pathogen of Staphylococcus?

S. aureus

1) If one Staph specie is considered the most important pathogen for humans, then what are the other 4 now considered? and what kind of relationship they have to our body?

Microbiota, opportunistic

General Characteristics of S.aureus: S. aureus grows in large, __,__ __

round, opaque colonies

2)- What is the optimum tempt for S.aureus?

37

2)- S.aerus is a __ __ (meaning that it prefers oxygen but it can grow without it)

facultative anaerobe

2)- S.aureus tolerates high: (3 things) and this means that it can grow on __

pH, temperature, salt, skin

2)- S.aureus resist many__ and __ (types of decontamination)

disinfectants, antibiotics

2)- S.aureus also resists and remains viable after __ __

air drying

2)- S.aureus produces many __ factors

virulence

3)- These are all the enzymes produced by S.aureus:

coagulase, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, lipase, penicillinase,

3)- S.aureus enzymes- Coagulase definition:

coagulates blood plasma

3)- S.aureus enzymes- Hyaluronidase definition:

breaks down hyaluronic acid, connective tissues

3)- S.aureus enzymes- Staphylokinase definition:

breaks down blood clots

3)- S.aureus enzymes- Lipase definition: (breaks down… which allows)

breaks down oil which allows bacteria to colonize the skin more easily

3)- S.aureus enzymes- Penicillinase definition: (breaks down.. which makes the bacteria…)

breaks down penicillin which makes the bacteria resistant

3)- S.aureus toxins- Hemolysins definition:

lyse red blood cells

3)- S.aureus toxins- Leukocidin definition: (lyse … like .. and…)

lyse leukocytes like neutrophills and macrophages

3)- S.aureus toxins- Enterotoxins induce:

nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

3)- S.aureus toxins- Exfoliative toxin cause (A-B toxin) : ( A part has the toxin btw)

desquamation of the skin

3)- S.aureus toxins- Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin induces:

fever, vomiting, rash, and organ damage (can kill u)

3)- In addition to toxins and enzymes and importune virulence factor of S. species is their ability to produce __ or __ that contribute to __ formation.

slime, capsules, biofilm

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of S. aureus: Where does S.aureus is present?

everywhere

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of S. aureus: Who are the most common carriers of S.aureus and what’s the percentage?

healthy adults, 60%

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of S. aureus: Where in the body is S.aureus most commonly present? (4 parts)

anterior nares, skin, nasopharynx, intestine

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of S. aureus: Some risk of getting infected by S.aureus is: poor __ and __, __ injury, preexisting primary __, __ (disease) and __deficiency.

hygiene, nutrition, tissue, infection, diabetes, immunodeficiency

MRSA means:

resistance to methicillin

4)- Localized cutaneous infection from S.aureus invade skin through:

wounds, follicles or glands

4)- S.aureus cutaneous localized infection- Folliculitis and hidradenitis definition:

inflammation of follicles, is usually solved with no problem but it can progress if not treated

4)- S.aureus cutaneous localized infection- Furuncle definition:

boil, inflammation of hair follicles or sebaceous glands it can progress into abscess or pustule

4)- S.aureus cutaneous localized infection- Carbuncle definition:

painful, pus filled bump from hair follicle infected.

4)- S.aureus cutaneous localized infection- Impetigo definition:

bubble like swellings that can break and peel away, most common in newborns

4)- S.aureus systematic disease: Osteomyelitis definition:

infection is established in the metaphysis and then abscess forms

4)- S.aureus systematic disease: Bacteremia definition and it can cause…: (infection in the circulation)

enter the bloodstream from an infected site or medical device, if it travels to the heart, it can cause endocarditis.

4)- S. aureus Toxigenic Diseases: Food intoxication defintion:

ingestion of heat stable enterotoxins, causes gastrointestinal distress

4)- S. aureus Toxigenic Diseases: Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome definition:

exfoliative toxin causes bright red flush, blisters, and desquamation of skin

4)- S. aureus Toxigenic Diseases: Toxic Shock Syndrome definition:

toxin in blood to shock and organ failure, (can kill u) because of an exaggerated immune reaction

Which cells help protect infections cause by S.aureus? and how?

neutrophils, macrophages, phagocytosis

Other Important Staphylococci: Coagulase-NEGATIVE-staphylococci

healthcare associated and opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients.

Coagulase-NEGATIVE-staphylococci- S.epidermidis lives on..(3) and may cause…(2)

skin, mucous membranes, endocarditis, bacteremia, UTI

Coagulase-NEGATIVE-staphylococci- S.hominis lives around…(1)

appocrine sweat glands

Coagulase-NEGATIVE-staphylococci- S.capitis: lives on…(3)

scalp, face, external ear

Coagulase-NEGATIVE-staphylococci- S.saprophyticus lives on… (2) and often cause..

skin, vagina, UTI

Only __ Is coagulase positive

S.aureus

5)- 3 different types of test to differentiate between staph

catalase test, coagulase test, antibody test for S. aureus

5)- How does S. Saprophytic deffirientates from other staph in the lab test?

because it has resistance to novobiocin

5)- How does S. hominis deffirientates from other staph in the lab test?

because of its lack of anaerobic growth

5)- How does S. capitis deffirientates from other staph in the lab test?

because of its lack of urease production

5)- How does S. epidermidis deffirientates from other staph in the lab test?

because pf its mannose fermentation

6)- Clinical concerns: About how much percentege of staph have penicillinase? and to what are they resistant? (2)

95%, penicillin and ampicillin

6)- Clinical concerns: MRSA S.aureus are resistant to many major drugs except what?

vancomycin

6)- How do we get rid of abscess?

they must be surgically perforated

6)- how doe we get rid of systematic infections?

it requires intensive lengthy therapy with oral, injections or both

6)- S.aureus less resistant forms can be treated with what?

cephalexin, sulfa drugs, tetracyclines, or clindamycin

6)- MRSA can be treated with what?

vancomycin, ceftaroline, linezolid, and daptomycin

6)- in VISA staph vancomycin work __ __

less well

6)- In VRSA vancomycin works__

doesn’t work at all

6)- Quinupristin-dalfopristin is an alternative for:

vancomycin resistant staph

6)- Prevention of Staph infections: Hospitals workers with S.aureus nasally may be __ from nurseries, operating rooms, and delivery rooms and then treated with _.

isolated, antibiotics

6)- Prevention of Staph infections: (2)

hygiene and cleansing

General Characteristics of Streptococci: What is the shape of streptococci and how are they arranged?

spherical, long chains, commonly in pairs

General Characteristics of Streptococci: They are non_ forming and non__ (which means they lack flagella)

spore,motile

General Characteristics of Streptococci: They are this type of microbe that prefers oxygen but can grown on the absent of ti

facultative anaerobe

General Characteristics of Streptococci: Streptococci lack a certain enzyme that helps breakdown down hydrogen peroxides, which one is ti? Also if they lack that enzyme can they break hydrogen peroxide yes or no? If yes, write how

catalase, peroxide system

General Characteristics of Streptococci: There is a form of strep that are fastidious meaning that they requires enriched media, which one is it? and write an example of an enriched media.

parasitics, blood

General Characteristics of Streptococci: What size are their colonies? What color are the colonies?

small, nonpigmented

General Characteristics of Streptococci: Strept are sensitive to these three following that are part of decontamination:

drying, heat, disinfectants