Animal Kingdom and Structural Organisation Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing Animal Kingdom classification, anatomical systems, phyla traits, and structural organisation based on lecture notes.

What are animals with a notochord called?

Chordates (or Chordata)

What are animals with a vertebral column called?

Vertebrata

What are animals without a notochord called?

Non-chordates (or Non-chordata)

What are animals without a vertebral column called?

Non-vertebrata

How many levels of organisation are found in animals according to the lecture notes?

Four levels of organisation

Which phylum exhibits a cellular level of organisation where organisms are made of cells not differentiated into tissues?

Porifera (Sponges)

Which phyla exhibit a tissue level of organisation?

Cnidaria and Ctenophora

Which phylum exhibits an organ level of organisation?

Platyhelminthes

Which range of phyla exhibits an organ system level of organisation?

Aschelminthes to Chordata

How is body symmetry defined in the notes?

It is the arrangement of body parts so that three-dimensional animals acquire and exhibit symmetry.

What are the three types of body symmetry found in animals?

Asymmetrical, Radially symmetrical, and Bilaterally symmetrical

How is radial symmetry defined in the lecture notes?

The animals which can be cut into two equal halves through any plane passing through the central axis.

What are examples of radially symmetrical animals mentioned in the notes?

Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Echinodermata

What are bilaterally symmetrical animals?

Animals which can be cut into two equal halves through a single plane.

What are examples of bilaterally symmetrical animals listed in the notes?

Man, spider, fish, crab, and beetles

What are the three types of body plans?

Aggregate body plan, Blind sac body plan, and Tube within a tube body plan

What is a cell aggregate body plan and which phylum exhibits it?

Organisms made up of a group of cells; exhibited by Porifera.

What is a blind sac body plan?

The body contains a single cavity with a single opening called mouth which is used for ingestion and egestion.

Which phylum exhibits a blind sac body plan?

Platyhelminthes

What is a tube within a tube body plan?

The body is made of two tubes: outer tube formed by the body wall and inner tube by the alimentary canal.

In a tube within a tube body plan, what are the anterior and posterior openings of the alimentary canal called?

Anterior opening is called mouth for ingestion, and posterior opening is called anus for egestion.

Which phyla possess a tube within a tube body plan?

Aschelminthes to Chordata

What is coelom or body cavity?

Fluid-filled space found between the body wall and alimentary canal lined or covered by mesoderm.

What are the three classifications of animals based on the nature of coelom?

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, and Eucoelomate (or Coelomate)

Which body cavity type is illustrated in this diagram?

Coelomate

Which body cavity structure with scattered pouches is depicted in this diagram?

Pseudocoelomate

Which type of body cavity representation is shown in this cross-sectional diagram?

Acoelomate

What are acoelomate animals?

Animals having no coelom.

What are pseudocoelomate animals, and what is an example phylum?

Animals having false coelom which appears to be pouches; example is Aschelminthes.

What are coelomate or eucoelomate animals, and which phyla belong to this group?

Animals having true coelom lined by mesoderm; examples are Annelida to Chordata.

What are the three germ layers?

Outer Ectoderm, Middle Mesoderm, and Inner Endoderm.

What are diploblastic animals?

Animals which are developed from a two-layered embryo (outer ectoderm and inner endoderm, where mesoderm is absent).

What substance is present between ectoderm and endoderm in diploblastic animals instead of mesoderm?

Mesoglea or mesenchyme (a jelly-like substance)

Which phyla are diploblastic?

Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora

What are triploblastic animals, and what phyla do they encompass?

Animals developed from a 3-layered embryo (outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, and inner endoderm); encompasses Platyhelminthes to Chordata.

Identify the embryonic layer organization shown in this diagram.

Diploblastic

What is a notochord?

A flexible chord-like structure lying between the nerve cord and above the alimentary canal, which is mesodermally derived.

What is metamerism or segmentation?

The process of body segmentation externally and internally into repeated segments called metameres, as seen in Phylum Annelida.

What are poikilotherms or cold-blooded animals?

Animals that do not have a fixed or constant body temperature, changing their body temperature according to the surroundings.

Which animal groups are classified as poikilotherms in the lecture notes?

All invertebrates, Class Amphibia, Class Reptilia, and Class Pisces.

What are homeotherms, and which classes belong to this category?

Animals which have a constant and fixed body temperature; includes Class Birds (Aves) and Mammals.

How does direct development differ from indirect development?

In direct development, the young one resembles the adult except in size. In indirect development, the young one does not resemble the adult and there is a larval state.

What is the difference between a complete and an incomplete digestive system?

A complete digestive system has an alimentary canal with two openings (mouth and anus), whereas an incomplete digestive system has an alimentary canal with only one opening.

Where does digestion take place in extracellular digestion versus intracellular digestion?

Extracellular digestion takes place outside the cell, whereas intracellular digestion takes place inside the cell.

What is the primary difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen.

Which phyla undergo cell-surface respiration?

Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Echinodermata

What is cutaneous respiration and what are examples of organisms that use it?

Respiration that takes place through moist skin; examples include frogs, earthworms, and leeches.

What is branchial respiration and what organ does it utilize?

Respiration taking place through gills (e.g., in fish, tadpoles, and Nereis).

What is tracheal respiration?

Respiration taking place through a network of tubes called trachea (e.g., in insects).

What is pulmonary respiration?

Respiration taking place through lungs (e.g., in frogs, amphibians, birds, and mammals).

What is an open circulatory system?

A system where blood flows through open spaces called sinuses or lacunae (e.g., Arthropoda, Mollusca).

In Arthropoda, what is the blood-filled body cavity and what is the blood inside it called?

The body cavity is called haemocoel, and the blood is called haemolymph (with haemocytes).

What is a closed circulatory system?

A system where blood flows through closed vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.

What is the common name and primary habitat of Phylum Porifera?

Commonly known as sponges; most are marine, but Spongilla is a freshwater sponge.

In Porifera, what are the outer and inner body wall layers called and composed of?

Outer ectoderm is made of specialized flattened cells called pinacocytes (pinacoderm); inner endoderm is made of flagellated collar cells called choanocytes (choanoderm).

What are Ostia and Osculum in sponges?

Ostia are small numerous inhalent pores through which water enters into the spongocoel; Osculum is the large opening used to remove waste materials.

What are internal buds in sponges called?

Gemmules

What are the larval stages of Porifera mentioned in the lecture notes?

Amphiblastula and Parenchymula

What are the scientific and common name pairs for Porifera examples given in the notes?

Sycon (Scypha), Euspongia (Bath sponge), and Spongilla (Fresh water sponge).

In Cnidaria, what is the single opening called, and what cavity does it lead into?

The single opening is called mouth or hypostome, leading into the gastrovascular cavity or coelenteron.

What are cnidoblasts and what poisonous fluid do their nematocytes contain?

Stinging cells characteristic of Cnidaria; nematocytes contain a poisonous fluid called hypnotoxin.

How do polyp and medusa body forms differ in Cnidaria according to the lecture notes?

Polyp is tubular/cylindrical, attached, and represents the asexual stage (e.g. Adamsia); Medusa is umbrella-like, free-swimming, and represents the sexual stage (e.g. Aurelia).

What is the ciliated free-swimming larva of Cnidaria called?

Planula

What is the skeleton of corals composed of?

$\text{CaCO}_3$ (Calcium carbonate)

What are the common names for animals belonging to Phylum Ctenophora?

Sea walnuts or comb jellies

What body feature aids locomotion in Ctenophora?

Eight external rows of ciliated comb plates

What is bioluminescence, and in which phylum is it a remarkable feature?

The property of an organism to emit light from its body; it is a remarkable feature of Phylum Ctenophora.

What are the excretory organs of Platyhelminthes and their function?

Flame cells, which help in osmoregulation and excretion.

Define osmoregulation.

The process of maintaining water and salt balance in the body fluids.

What parasitic adaptations are present in flatworms (Platyhelminthes)?

Presence of hooks and suckers, anaerobic respiration, absence of locomotory, circulatory, and digestive glands, and very high power of reproduction.

Which free-living flatworm possesses high regeneration capacity?

Planaria

Why are Aschelminthes commonly called roundworms?

Because their body is circular in cross-section.

What specialized muscular structure is present in the complete alimentary canal of roundworms?

Well-developed muscular pharynx

What excretory structure is responsible for waste removal in Aschelminthes?

Excretory tube or Renette cell

What protective feature prevents roundworms from being digested by host enzymes?

Presence of a cuticular covering.

What do the Latin words Annulus and lidos mean for Phylum Annelida?

Annulus means ring-like forms; lidos means forms.

What is the locomotory organ in earthworms?

Setae

What are parapodia in Nereis and what functions do they serve?

Lateral appendages containing blood vessels (vascular) that help in swimming and respiration.

What are the excretory organs in Annelida?

Nephridia (which help in osmoregulation and excretion).

What are the scientific names for earthworm, sandworm, and leech in the lecture notes?

Earthworm - Pheretima posthuma; Sandworm - Nereis; Leech - Hirudinaria granulosa.

What does the name Arthropoda mean?

Animals having jointed legs (Arthro = jointed, poda = legs).

What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of?

Chitinous exoskeleton (chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide).

Into what three parts is the body of an arthropod divided?

Head, Thorax, and Abdomen.

What are the visual units of compound eyes in arthropods and what type of vision do they produce?

Ommatidia (singular: ommatidium); produces mosaic vision.

What are the excretory organs in prawns/crabs versus insects?

Prawns and crabs use green glands / antennal glands / coxal glands; insects use Malpighian tubules.

What is a statocyst in arthropods?

A balancing organ.

Give the scientific names of the honey bee, silkworm, and lac insect listed in the notes.

Honey bee - Apis indica; Silkworm - Bombyx mori; Lac insect - Laccifer lacca.

What three regions comprise the body of a mollusc, and what covers it?

Head, Visceral hump/mass, and Foot; covered by a calcareous shell.

What is the radula in molluscs?

A file-like rasping organ in the mouth used for feeding.

What is the largest invertebrate animal according to the notes?

Giant Squid

What are the three larval stages of molluscs mentioned?

Trochophore, Glochidium, and Veliger.

What composes the endoskeleton of Echinodermata?

Calcareous ossicles

What are the functions of the water vascular system in echinoderms?

Locomotion, food capture, transport of food, respiration, and circulation.

What is the larva of a starfish called?

Bipinnaria

What rudimentary structure is present in the collar region of Hemichordata?

Stomochord (a structure similar to a notochord).

What are four salient characteristics of Phylum Chordata?

Presence of notochord, presence of hollow closed nerve cord, presence of pharyngeal gill slits, and presence of post-anal tail.

How do Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes differ regarding gill cover (operculum) and mouth location?

Osteichthyes have 4 pairs of gills covered by an operculum and a terminal mouth; Chondrichthyes have gill slits without an operculum and a ventrally located mouth.

Which class of fishes with cycloid/ctenoid scales and terminal mouth is depicted in this drawing?

Class Osteichthyes (Bony fishes)

What is the scientific name and classification of the frog mentioned in the notes?

Rana tigrina / Rana hexadactyla; Phylum: Chordata, Class: Amphibia.

What is Bidder's canal in male frogs?

A longitudinal canal in the middle region of the kidney through which 10-12 vasa efferentia open, leading into the urinogenital tract.