Bio Unit 3 Exam Slide Flashcards

what is a stem cell?

a cell that can divide to form more stem cells or differentiate to become specialized cells.

differentiation

When cells become specialized to perform a specific job

• All cells in an organism have identical DNA, they have different jobs b/c

of which genes are “turned on”/activated.

• Human embryonic stem cells must be induced to differentiate before they

can be used in medical treatments.

An embryonic stem cell is _______ (can become any

type of body cell)

pluripotent

Nerve and muscle cells do not have _________ …thus

damaged cells are not replaced if they are damaged or die.

adult stem cells

organization of cells

1. cells - usually organized into tissues

2. tissues - usually organized into organs

3. organs - Structural unit composed of two or

   more tissues organized to carry out specific

   tasks

4. system - Organs and other components that interact physically and/or chemically to carry out reproduction and survival tasks.

   1. All vertebrates have the same types of organ systems.

5. Organism (i.e. Human)

the four tissue types in all adult vertebrates:

1. connective

2. epithelial

3. muscle

4. nervous

which tissues hold body parts together and provide structural support, most abundant tissue in humans?

connective

which tissues cover body surfaces and line internal cavities?

epithelial

which tissues move the body and its parts?

muscle

which tissues detect stimuli and relay information?

nervous

What are connective tissues? Some examples?

Soft connective tissues hold body parts in place.

examples:

Tendon

• connects muscle to bone

Ligament

• connects bone to bone

Cartilage

• cushions joints; supports ears & nose

Adipose tissue (fat)

• stores energy, insulates, cushions/protects

explain muscles and tendons

Muscles and bones work like a lever system

When skeletal muscles contract, they transmit force to a tendon that makes the bones move

Tendon - Strap of dense connective tissue that connects a skeletal muscle to bone

bone tissue:

Connective tissue with cells

surrounded by a calcium-hardened

matrix

• Jobs:

• Support and moves the body

• Produce blood cells

blood

Fluid connective tissue

• Cells and platelets form inside

bones

• Jobs:

• Transport gases, nutrients,

wastes

• Help blood clot, has immune functions

epithelial tissue:

Sheetlike animal tissue:

• One free surface exposed to some body fluid or the environment

• Microvilli are projections on epithelial tissue that increase the surface area.

types of epithelial tissues?

Squamous – flat; on surface

Columnar – in intestines

Ciliated – hair

muscle tissue:

Contracts in response to signals from nervous

tissue

• Helps move the body or parts of it

skeletal muscle tissue:

Attaches to bones to move body parts:

• Voluntary

• Ex. Biceps,

quadriceps, etc.

cardiac muscle tissue

Makes up the heart wall:

• Involuntary

• Doesn’t fatigue

• Has the greatest # of mitochondria of all muscle cells

smooth muscle tissue

Lines walls of intestines, blood vessels, bladder, arteries, and other hollow organs

• Involuntary

• Moves food through intestines

• Moves blood through arteries

organs are …

Skeletal- Muscular system

Composed of bones and muscles

• Job is to support body

circulatory system

Composed of heart & blood vessels & blood

Job is to transport oxygen in and around the body; carbon dioxide out of the body & get nutrients to the blood

respiratory system

• Composed of trachea, lungs

• Job is gaseous exchange of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the body

Digestive system

Composed of stomach, liver, small & large intestine, pancreas

Job is digestion and absorption of nutrients which comes from eaten food

urinary system

Composed of kidneys, bladder, etc.

Job is removing liquid wastes from the body

Lymphatic (Immune) System

Composed of spleen, lymph vessels, lymph nodes

• Job is defense of the body (keep us healthy)

nervous system

Composed of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• Job is communication throughout the body & control of the body through fast and short electro-chemical impulse messages

• Eg. Talking, moving…

Endocrine system

• Composed of endocrine glands and hormones

• Job is to regulate & control the body through the slower and longer messages via chemical hormones

Integumentary system

• Includes the skin

• Job is protection of inner organs from injury and disease

respiratory systems job is to

• Supply cells with oxygen from the environment

• Deliver waste carbon dioxide to the environment

circulatory system job

It’s a transportation system

 The heart pumps

 The blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells and carries wastes away through a network of blood vessels

Open circulatory system

 The hemolymph leaves vessels and flows among tissues

Closed circulatory system – Mammals!

 Blood stays inside a continuous network of vessels

 Flow is faster than in open systems

 Found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates

Heart

A muscular pump

❤ Contraction of the ventricles drives blood circulation

• 4-chambers

• Pulse

• Blood pressure

• SA node

• Valves

Every Heart Beat…

 Sends a surge of blood through the arteries.

 You can feel this surge, or pulse, along arteries near the surface of the skin, especially along the neck and the inside of the wrist.

 The radial artery is the major supplier of blood to your arms. Find it on your wrist.

 The carotid artery supplies blood to the face and brain. Find it on your neck

Systolic pressure (“top number”)

• Highest pressure of a cardiac cycle

• Occurs as the contracting ventricles force blood into the arteries

Blood pressure

– the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of vessels that enclose it

Diastolic pressure (“bottom number”)

 Lowest pressure of a cardiac cycle

 Occurs when ventricles are fully relaxed

The SA node

• Heart’s pacemaker

• Group of heart cells that emits rhythmic signals

• These signals tell cardiac muscle fibers of the heart

wall to contract in a coordinated fashion.

valves

Valves monitor the direction that blood can flow.

 Closing heart valves cause heartbeat sounds.

 The heart pumps blood out to the body through the ______, the largest artery in the body.

 Like a branching tree, the aorta divides again and again into smaller & smaller ______, eventually forming tiny blood vessels called ______, which carry blood to all the cells in the body.

 The capillaries connect to larger and larger vessels called _____, which carry blood back to the heart.

aorta

arteries

capillaries

veins

Pulmonary circuit

 Blood flows FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS & BACK.

 Pulmonary arteries carry O2-poor blood away from the heart to the

lungs

 Pulmonary capillaries: pick up O2 and release CO2

 Pulmonary veins carry O2-rich blood back to the heart

Systemic circuit

 Blood flows TO THE BODY TISSUES & BACK to the heart.

 Oxygen-rich blood travels through this circuit.

 An artery called the AORTA gives off supplies O2- RICH blood

flowing away from the heart… to the body.

 Veins called the superior & inferior vena cava return O2-poor blood

to the heart.

plasma

 Fluid portion of blood

 Job=transports blood cells & platelets

 It contains nutrients, wastes, signaling

molecules, & hundreds of plasma proteins

red blood cells - also known as _______ - are what?

erythrocytes

Disk-shaped, red color comes from hemoglobin,

which is an iron-containing pigment that can

reversibly bind oxygen.

 Job= Transport O2 and, to a lesser extent, CO2

 Lack nucleus/organelles; lives about 4 months

 Approx 300 trillion circulate in your body (most

numerous type of cell in the blood)

 Circulate for about 4 months