Adult Psycho E2 Additional

What is the difference between Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder?

Somatic Symptom Disorder involves distressing physical symptoms; Illness Anxiety Disorder involves excessive illness fears with few or no symptoms.

What cognitive distortions are associated with Illness Anxiety Disorder?

Catastrophizing, overgeneralization, all-or-nothing thinking, and selective attention.

What is glove anesthesia?

Loss of sensation in the hand that does not correspond to normal anatomical nerve patterns.

What are the main types of dissociative amnesia?

Localized, selective, generalized, continuous, and systematized amnesia.

What is the difference between organic and psychogenic amnesia?

Organic amnesia results from biological causes; psychogenic amnesia is associated with psychological factors.

What is the difference between depersonalization and derealization?

Depersonalization is detachment from oneself; derealization is detachment from one's surroundings.

What is a major controversy surrounding Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Whether symptoms primarily result from trauma-related dissociation or are influenced by suggestion and sociocultural factors.

What are the four categories of depressive symptoms?

Affective, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological.

What are the diagnostic requirements for Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Depressed mood for at least two years, with at least two additional symptoms and no symptom-free period longer than two months.

What is the difference between Bipolar I and Cyclothymic Disorder?

Bipolar I involves full manic episodes; cyclothymia involves chronic mood fluctuations without full manic or major depressive episodes.

What are the symptoms of mania?

Elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, reduced need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts, distractibility, and impulsive behavior.

What is Beck's cognitive theory of depression?

Negative schemas and cognitive biases produce negative automatic thoughts that contribute to depression.

What attributional style is associated with depression?

Internal, stable, and global explanations for negative events.

What is the behavioral explanation for depression?

Reduced positive reinforcement and rewarding experiences contribute to depressive symptoms.

What is the difference between SSRIs and SNRIs?

SSRIs inhibit serotonin reuptake; SNRIs inhibit serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.

What are ECT, TMS, and VNS?

Biological treatments involving electrical stimulation, magnetic stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation.

What is the purpose of social rhythm therapy?

To stabilize daily routines and sleep-wake cycles, particularly in bipolar disorder.

What are the major gender differences in suicide statistics described in the lecture?

The lecture reports higher suicide mortality among men and higher reported attempt rates among women.

What is the difference between a risk factor and a protective factor for NSSI?

Risk factors increase vulnerability; protective factors such as family support and communication reduce vulnerability.

What are the major long-term effects of alcohol misuse?

Hypertension, cancer risk, cirrhosis, malnutrition, thiamine deficiency, and cognitive impairment.

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

A severe memory disorder associated with thiamine deficiency, often related to chronic alcohol misuse.

What is delirium tremens?

A severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome involving confusion, autonomic instability, and potentially life-threatening complications.

What are common benzodiazepine and barbiturate withdrawal symptoms?

Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, and potentially severe neurological complications.

What neurotransmitter system is primarily involved in opioid effects?

The endogenous opioid system, particularly mu-opioid receptors.

What are common stimulant withdrawal symptoms?

Depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite, sleep disturbances, and unpleasant dreams.

What are common caffeine withdrawal symptoms?

Headache, fatigue, and irritability.

What are common nicotine withdrawal symptoms?

Irritability, anxiety, concentration difficulties, and increased appetite.

What neurotransmitter system is primarily involved in classic hallucinogens?

Serotonin, particularly 5-HT2A receptors.

What is anandamide?

A naturally occurring endocannabinoid involved in regulating brain signaling.

What is incentive-sensitization theory?

Repeated substance use increases sensitivity to drug-related cues and motivation to seek substances.

What is reward-deficiency syndrome?

A proposed condition in which ordinary rewards insufficiently activate brain reward systems.

How does classical conditioning contribute to addiction?

Environmental cues associated with substance use can trigger cravings.

What is the difference between a lapse and a relapse?

A lapse is a brief return to use; a relapse is a return to a problematic pattern of substance use.

What is the abstinence violation effect?

Guilt or hopelessness following a lapse increases the risk of further substance use.

What is contingency management?

A behavioral treatment that provides rewards for desired behaviors, such as maintaining abstinence.

What is a persecutory delusion?

A false belief that someone is being threatened, watched, or targeted.

What is a delusion of reference?

A false belief that ordinary events or messages have special personal significance.

What is a grandiose delusion?

A false belief involving extraordinary power, importance, knowledge, or abilities.

What are thought broadcasting, insertion, and withdrawal?

False beliefs that thoughts are shared with others, placed into one's mind, or removed by an external force.

What are the five types of hallucinations?

Auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory; auditory hallucinations are most common in schizophrenia.

What are loose associations, tangential speech, and incoherence?

Loose associations involve weak connections between ideas; tangential speech moves off-topic; incoherence is extremely difficult to understand.

What is catatonia?

A syndrome involving marked disturbances in movement, behavior, and responsiveness.

What is expressed emotion in schizophrenia?

A family interaction pattern involving high criticism, hostility, or emotional overinvolvement.

What are the sociogenic and social-selection theories of schizophrenia?

Sociogenic theory emphasizes socioeconomic stress as a cause; social-selection theory emphasizes downward mobility associated with illness.

What is the difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics?

Typical antipsychotics primarily block dopamine D2 receptors; atypical antipsychotics affect dopamine and serotonin signaling.