4) to what extent were lives of young people impacted by stalin

literacy measures

• 1930: primary schooling compulsory

• “cultural soldiers”

• collectivisation= teachers attacked= enemy

number of komsomul volunteers

3 million komsomul volunteers to teach

% of teachers attacked

40% of teachers attacked

literacy impacts

• poorly equiped

• no free school meals

literacy course

• 90% of adults attended literacy course

• 68% of people literate by end

literacy rate

1939: over 94% of citixens literate

education= curriculum/teachers

• emphasised hands on work/ traditional skills/ patriotism

• 1931: decree stated core subjects form basis of socialist education system

• examinations/homework/textbooks reappeared

• 1932: decree students should be punctual/ regular homework

• 1933: new textbooks

• 1935: national examinations

• focus on traditional russian history

• emphasis on cult of stalin

• should emulate stakhanov

• 1943: gender segregation

expansion of education

• target of 100% in primary schools

• achieved enrollment of 95%

• fees for higher level of education to limit access

• partly/ trade uniond offered scholarships/ grants- favoured officials

• labour reserve schools - specialisms in industry (industrial conscription)

increase in education

universities increased by 800%

secondary education

1939: 1.5 million (7%) completed secondary education

university enrollments

1927: 170,000 enrollments

1940: 812,000 enrollments

university educations

• 1936: new examinations

• focus on academic success after class

• university staff purged and replaced by red specialists

• expansion of courses dealing with consctruction, transport and factory production

number of academics

1927: 29,000 academics

1940: 50,000 academics

youth

• komsomol and young pioneers expected to spy on parent and report

• pavik Morozov- killed by kulak at 14 - model of obedience