sports psych exam 3 content

self talk

the syntactically recognizable articulation of an internal position that

is expressed either internally or out loud where the message-sender is also the

intended receiver

Instructional functions of self-talk

self-talk that directs action, skills or movement sequences

motivational functions of self talk

self-talk that encourages and motivates performers

positive valence of self talk

statements that people say to themselves that are encouraging or positive in tone

negative valence of self talk

involves statements that are negative and/or reflect anger, frustration, or

discouragement

Dual Process Approach to Self Talk

System 1 brings current experiences into awareness

• System 2 has two functions

• Generates self-talk from consideration and planning to use self-talk for various purposes

• Monitors the information given by System 1

system 1 (automatic)

generates associations and impressions is automatic, fast, effortless,

difficult to modify, emotionally charged and occurs below the level of awareness.

Self-talk can encounter issues when

• System 2 runs out of resources or are exhausted

system 2

Processes information that occurs in a slow, effortful, and consciously

monitored fashion.

• Rationalizes in an emotionally neutral way

cognitive restructuring

A psychotherapeutic technique used to identify and modify negative or irrational thought patterns.

• It is a core component of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

3 components of cognitive restructuring

1. Locate (problematic thoughts)

2. Generate Alternatives (challenge thoughts with diff. techniques)

3. Replace (with more realistic, balanced thoughts)

Different ways to LOCATE (cognitive restructuring)

• Socratic questioning: Asking probing questions to challenge irrational thoughts

• Thought recording: Documenting negative thoughts to identify patterns

• Examining evidence: Analyzing facts that support or contradict a belief

• Decatastrophizing: Reducing the perceived magnitude of feared outcomes

• Reattribution: Finding alternative explanations for events or behaviors

How to Generate alternatives (cognitive restructuring)

R3 Thinking (Random, Reactive, Restrictive) → P3 Thinking (Positive, Productive, Purposeful)

HOW TO REPLACE

Replacing is putting these alternatives into practice

• Practice daily affirmations

• I am confident

• I work hard

• I trust my skills

• I believe in myself

flow states

a psychological state experienced by total absorption in the present activity that can lead to performances feeling effortless and enjoyable

components of flow

• action awareness merging (fully immersed)

• loss of self-consciousness (self is separate from action)

• transformation of time (speed up or slow down)

• autotelic experience (increase intrinsic experience)

antecedents of flow

• challenge skill balance

• clear goals

• ambiguous feedback

• concentration on the task

• sense of control

Meta-analysis results on advanced techniques in performance enhancement

• The systematic review included 22 studies with 2521 participants

• The mean age was 22.1

• 9 studies focused on gaming, and 13 focused on sport tasks

• Marathon running was the most common task

• Moderate positive correlation

  • Represents about 9.61% of the variance in performance

  • Suggests flow is important but one piece of the performance puzzle

mental toughness

An athlete’s psychological resilience and ability to maintain

peak performance under pressure, adversity, and challenging circumstances.

• A crucial attribute of athletic performance and achievement

Behavioral Coaching Framework for Mental Toughness

• Goal: Defining clear, inspirational, and challenging goals.

• Reality: Assessing the current situation and obstacles.

• Options: Brainstorming strategies and resources to achieve the goal.

• Way Forward (or Will): Creating action plans and establishing accountability

• Has coaches work with athletes to identify desirable mentally tough behaviors

and apply the GROW model.