Hormones and Glands

Scored pretty low on this during the practice AP test.

Which organ serves both an endocrine and exocrine function?

Pancreas. Endocrine function would be pumping insulin into the blood, and exocrine is pumping digestive enzymes through a duct into the small intestine.

Epinephrine is released by the

adrenal medulla

Cortisol is released by the

adrenal cortex

This regulates cellular metabolism and is released by the thyroid

thryoxine

Parathyroid hormone raises this, and calcitonin lowers it

calcium

You’re practically guaranteed an insulin/glucagon question.

when blood sugar is HIGH (after eating):

when blood sugar is LOW (while fasting):

when blood sugar is HIGH (after eating): pancreas releases INSULIN. blood sugar drops.

when blood sugar is LOW (while fasting): pancreas releases GLUCAGON. blood sugar rises.

referred to as the master gland, takes orders from the hypothalamus and sends hormones to almost every gland

the pituitary gland

the ceo of the body, lcoated in the brain. links the nervous system to the endocrine system.

the hypothalamus

these glands manage fight or flight

adrenal glands

the pancreas controls this with insulin and glucagon

blood sugar

T3/T4 and thyroxine are produced where and control what?

thyroid, they control metabolism

where are neurosecretory cells which produce oxytocin located?

Hypothalamus - the connection between the endocrine and nervous systems

where is ADH produced?

hypothalamus, released by the posterior pituitary gland. ADH reabsorbs water in the kidneys.

what does ADH regulate?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone), also called vasopressin, is a peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary to regulate water balance, blood volume, and blood pressure.

endocrine system releases hormones right into the bloodstream, whereas the exocrine utilizes this

ducts

negative feedback always appears on the teas.

The exam shortcut: whenever a question describes secretion decreasing after balance returns, the answer is negative feedback. Positive feedback — which amplifies rather than reverses, as in oxytocin during childbirth — is rare and usually appears only as a contrast question.

Which of the following hormones are produced by the kidneys to regulate the blood pressure?

aldosterone, angiotensinogen, angiotensin II, renin

renin

Renin actually regulates the secretion of angiotensin II and aldosterone in the body to maintain blood pressure.

both DNA and RNA are made up of a ________ base, a phosphate group, and _______ sugar

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, pentose sugar (5)