Rocks and fossils

subduction

one tectonic plate slides underneath another plate

layer of earth

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

layers of earth texture

crust=solid

mantle= mostly solid but can slowly flow

outer core= liquid

inner core = solid

continental crust

thicker, less dense, older and granitic

oceanic crust

thinner, more dense, younger

oceanic crust

thin + dense

continental crust

thick + less dense

lithosphere

rigid outer layer containing earths textonic plates

asthenosphere

hotter weaker layer underneath the lithosphere that plates move over

divergent

move apart

convergent

move toward eachother

trasnform

slide past eachother

san andres fault

pacific plate and north american plate slide past each other transform

north american plate and juan de fuca plate

The Juan de Fuca Plate is being forced beneath the North American Plate.

This is responsible for the volcanic Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon.

convergent/ subduction

why volcanons form

water from the subductin plate lowers the melting temptaaure of the mantle causing potental melting and maga formation

volcanos at divergent boundries

Plates move apart.

Hot mantle rises.

Pressure decreases.

The decrease in pressure causes decompression melting.

Magma rises → volcano.

pyroclastic flow

very hot mixture of ash,gas and volcanic rock moving rapidly down a volcano

lava flow

molten rock flowong across the surface

poisonus gases

sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide

acidic water

volcanic gases can dissolve in water and make it acidic

volcanic bombs

large pices of volcaninc rock thrown form a volcano during an eruption

lahar

water mixed with volcanic material, mud, rock and ash

debris flow

rapid moving mixture of water, mud, soil and rock

how volcanos are monitored

ground, earth quakes, gas, heat

volcanos measure through ground

GPS, satelites and titlemeters

volcanos measure through earthquakes

saismometers detect incresed earthquake actvity

volcanos measure through gas

monitor volcanic gas emissons

volcanos measure through heat

thermal/ satellite measuremnts can detect incresed heatt

why doe lighting occur

ash particles collide and become electricly charged

liquefaction

water saturated soil temory behaves like a liquid during strong shaking

tsunamis

Large underwater earthquakes can suddenly move the seafloor, displacing water and creating a tsunami.

richter scale is logarithmic

diffrence of 1 magnitue means 10x greater wave amplitude and 32x more energy

earth quake swarm

a group of earth quakes occuring in a short period of time

geothermal heat

earths internal heat comes from leftover heat form earths formationand raadiocative decay

earths magnetic feild

movemnt of liquid iron and nickle in earths outer core generates elctrical currents producing earths magentc feild

magnetic feild + atmospehere

earth's magnetic field helps protect the atmosphere from the solar wind.

The solar wind contains charged particles from the Sun.

The magnetic field deflects many of those particles.

magnetic feild and northern lights

occurs when charged aprticles form the sun interact with eraths atmospehere guided by earths amgnetic feild toward the poloar regions

geods form

1. A cavity/hollow space forms in rock.

2. Mineral-rich water enters.

3. Minerals precipitate from the water.

4. Crystals grow inside the cavity.

human induced earthquakes

causes by fracking, wastewater injection, oil and gas extraction.

doe sthe magnetic feild block micro waves

no, Earth's magnetic field primarily interacts with charged particles.

Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation and are not simply blocked by Earth's magnetic field.

why does iceland have volcanos

sits on mid Atlantic ridge That's a DIVERGENT boundary.

The North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart.

Iceland is also associated with a hotspot/mantle plume, giving it additional volcanic activity.

why does italy have volcanos

Italy's volcanism is primarily related to subduction associated with the convergence of African and Eurasian plates and nearby microplates.

oil formation

acent organisms die, become barried under sediment, millions of years pressure and heat trasform the oragnic material, hydrocarbons form

diamonds form

Deep in Earth's mantle under extremely high pressure and temperature.

how diamonds get to surface

They are transported toward the surface by rapid volcanic eruptions involving kimberlite magma.